
Glass. 
Book_ 



u 



The Geological Survey 



OF 



ARKANSAS 



1909 



The Slates of Arkansas, .£4;^^^^^^^^ 



BY 



A. H. PURDUE 

Professor o( Geology in the University of Arkansas and 
ex-Officio State Geologist of Arkansas 



WITH A 



Bibliography of the Geology of Arkansas 

BY 

J. C. BRANNER 

ex-State Geologist of Arkansas 



JfanaiP^h 



■fi>7 




D. OF D. 

FEB 16 1910 



Ic 




LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 

To the President, Governor George W. Donaghey, and 
Members of the Geological Commission of Arkansas: 

Gentlemen : I have the honor to transmit to you 
herewith, the report on the Slates of Arkansas, made in 
compliance with an Act of the Thirty-sixth General Assem- 
bly of the State of Arkansas, together with the Bibliography 
of the Geology of Arkansas, by Dr. J. C. Branner, ex-State 
Geologist of Arkansas. 

Your Obedient Servant, 

A. H. Purdue. 

University of Arkansas, 

Fayetteville, Ark. 
March 29, 1909. \ 



THE GEOLOGICAL COMMISSION 

HIS EXCELLENCY, GEORGE W. DONAGHEY, 

GOVERNOR OF ARKANSAS. 

PRESIDENT JOHN N. TILLMAN, 

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS. 



HON. GUY TUCKER, 

COMMISSIONER OF MINES, MANUFACTURES AND 
AGRICULTURE. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE. 

PREFACE is 

CHAPTER I. 

HISTORIC DATA RELATING TO THE SLATE INDUS- 
TRY I 

The Industry in Europe • • i 

The Industry in the United States 2 

The Industry in Arkansas • • . 6 

The eastern part of the slate area 6 

The Southwestern Slate and Manufacturing Company 6 

The Altus Slate Company 7 

The J. R. Crowe Coal and Mining Company 8 

The Ozark Slate Company 8 

Other prospects 8 

CHAPTER II. 

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO SLATE 9 

Definition and characteristics of slate 9 

The origin of slate lo 

Slaty cleavage II 

Relation of cleavage to bedding il 

The development of slaty cleavage 13 

Mechanical processes 14 

Chemical processes 17 

Varieties of slate 20 

Uses and qualities of slate • • 21 

CHAPTER IIL 

GEOLOGY OF THE ARKANSAS SLATE AREA 24 

Location and extent of the Arkansas slate area 24 

Topography of the slate area 25 

The Piedmont plain 25 

The Arkansas Valley • 26 

The Ouachita Mountain system 26 

The Ouachita range 27 

The Fourche range 28 

Rocks of the slate area 29 

Igneous rocks 29 

Sedimentary rocks 29 



vi Geological Survey of Arkansas 

CHAPTER III— Continued. 

PAGE. 

Rocks of unknown age 30 

The Collier shale 31 

Ordovician 32 

The Crystal Mountain sandstone 32 

The Ouachita shale 33 

The Stringtown shale 34 

The Bigfork chert 35 

The Polk Creek shale 36 

The Blaylock sandstone •• 36 

Rocks of unknown age 37 

The Missouri Mountain slate 37 

The Arkansas novaculite 39 

The Fork Mountain slate 40 

Carboniferous 40 

The Stanley shale 40 

Structure of the Ouachita Range 41 

Folding 41 

Faulting 44 

Geological history of the slate region 45 

Age of the rocks 45 

Unconformity at the base of the Crystal Mountain 

sandstone 46 

Unconformity at the base of the Stringtown shale 46 

Unconformity at the base of the Missouri Mountain 

slate 46 

Unconformity at the base of the Stanley shale 47 

Oscillations and geographic changes of the area 48 

Post-Carboniferous erosion 49 

Drainage 51 

CHAPTER IV. 

DESCRIPTION OF THE ARKANSAS SLATES. ......... 53 

The Ouachita shale 53 

The Polk Creek shale 53 

The Missouri Mountain slate 54 

The Fork Mountain slate 58 

The Stanley shale 59 

TESTS OF ARKANSAS SLATE 59 

Electrical tests 59 

Physical tests 62 

Chemical analyses 65 

CHAPTER V. 

NOTES ON QUARRIES. PROSPECTS, AND OUTCROPS 66 

Range 13 West 66 

The Hull property 66 

Range 15 West • • 67 

The T. H. White property 67 

The Marysville Slate Company's property •• 67 



Table of Contents vii 

CHAPTER Y— Continued. 

PAGE. 

Range 20 West 68 

The King Dunklee and Woods property 68 

The James Dunklee property • • 68 

The Hot Sprmgs Slate Company's property 6g 

The Hot Sprmgs Slate Company's prooertv 69 

The Jake Kempner property 6g 

Range 21 West 70 

The Ozark Slate Company's property • • 70 

Range 22 West 72 

The George Everett property 72 

The Eli Bolinger property ^2 

The Peter Henan property 72 

The Davis property 73 

The Crawford property 73 

Range 23 West 74 

The Fordyce property. 74 

Name of owner unknown 74 

Range 24 West 74 

The Bill Jones property 74 

The Bonanza property 75 

The J. M. Jones property 75 

Range 25 West 75 

The Perkins property 75 

Range 26 West 76 

Name of owner unknown. 76 

Name of owner unknown • 76 

Name of owner unknown 77 

Range 27 West 77 

Name of owner unknown yy 

The Southwestern Slate Company's property 77 

The J. R. Crowe Coal and Mining Company's property 81 

Range 28 West 81 

The American Slate Company's property 81 

Name of owner unknown 82 

Name of owner unknown 82 

Name of owner unknown 82 

The Danville property 83 

Name of owner unknown 83 

Range 29 West 84 

The Whisenhunt property. 84 

Name of owner unknown 84 

The Harrison property 85 

Name of owner unknown 85 

Name of owner unknown 85 

The Boyer property 8$ 

Name of owner unknown 86 

The Spencer Kelley property 86 

The Gulf Slate Company property 87 

The Altus Slate Company's property 87 

The Standard Slate Company's property 87 

The Andrews and Harrington property 88 



viii Geological Survey of Arkansas 

CHAPTER Y— Continued. 

PAGE. 

Name of owner unknown 88 

Name of owner unknown 89 

The Brannon property 8g 

The South Wales Slate Company's property 89 

Name of owner unknown 90 

Range 30 West go 

Name of owner unknown 90 

Range 32 West 91 

Name of owner unknown 91 

Glossary of geological and slate-quarrying terms 92 

Bibliography of the geology of Arkansas 97 




LIST OF PLATES 

PAGE 

Plate I. Illustration and example of the effect of shearing 17 

Plate II. Geologic map of the Ouachita Mountains 25 

Plate III. Geological map of a portion of the State area 20) 

Plate IV. Columnar section of the Ouachita area 40 

Plate V. A quarry in the Missouri Mountain (red) slate 56 

Plate VI. Plant of the Southwestern Slate Company, Slatington.. "jj 
Plate VII. Block of red slate from North Quarry, Southwestern 

Slate Company 80 



PREFACE 

The attention the slate deposits of Arkansas have at- 
tracted in recent years from prospectors and operators, as 
well as .the favorable comments made by the very few geol- 
ogists who had examined them, sufficiently justified the 
Thirty-sixth General Assembly of Arkansas in making an 
appropriation for their somewhat exhaustive examination. 
The results of this examination will be found in the report 
that follows. 

The field work for this report was done in the sum- 
mers of 1907 and 1908 under an arrangement for co-oper- 
ative work between the United States Geological Survey 
and the Geological Survey of Arkansas. As associates 
with the writer in the field work, were Messrs. R. D. Mes- 
ler and H. D. Miser, recently students in the department of 
Geology, University of Arkansas. Whatever value there 
may be in this report is largely due to the efficient work of 
these two gentlemen, who never shrank from the arduous 
task of constant, difficult mountain climbing beneath the 
hot rays of the summer sun. 

Within the time and with the means at command, it 
was not practicable to carefully cover the entire slate area 
of the State. Especially was this true, because good maps 
as a base were not available except for a limited portion 
of the area. It so happened, however, that this portion 
included that part of the slate area that had received most 
attention and had been most developed. This map had 
been prepared by the U. S. Geological Survey, and was the 
topographic sheet of the area between the meridians 93° 
30' and 94° 00' and the parallels 34° 00' and 34° 30'. The 
northern part of this map covers a considerable portion of 
the slate area in Polk and Montgomery counties. This 



X Geological Survey of Arkansas 

area was carefully mapped and is published herewith. 
This map will be of value, not only in showing 
the structure and areal geology of the region it covers, but 
also in judging of the geology in the areas both to the east 
and west, for they all are similar. While it was not 
practicable to map the slate outcrops to the east and west 
of the region mentioned, those parts were covered by re- 
connaissance and the results will be found in chapter V. 

The following is a brief history of the geological work 
done in the area, previous to that embodied in the present 
report: In 1834 G. W. Featherstonhaugh was sent out by 
the topographic bureau of the Department of War, in com- 
pliance with an act of Congress of June 28th of that year, 
as U. S. Geologist. Results of his observations were pub- 
lished in 1835 as a geological report of an examination 
made in 1834, of the elevated country between the Missouri 
and the Red River. The work done by Featherstonhaugh 
was of the nature of a reconnaissance from St. Louis to 
Red River. His course took him over the western part of the 
highlands of Arkansas, and through what was then a small 
village on the present site of Hot Springs. He describes 
the rocks of this, as of those of other areas over which he 
passed, only in a general way, and but incidentally refers 
to the slate as "grauwacke slate," or simply as "slate."* 

In 1859 and i860, David Dale Owen, then State Geol- 
ogist of Arkansas, made a reconnaissance survey including 
the area in which slates occur, the results of which are 
published in the "Second Report of a Geological Reconnais- 
sance of the Middle and Southern Counties of Arkansas," 
In this report, Owen makes frequent mention of slate, and 
expresses the opinion that some of the slate observed by 
him is of excellent quality. 



*Geological Report of an examination made in 1834, of the ele- 
vated country between the Missouri and Red Rivers. By G. W. Fea- 
therstonhaugh. 



Preface 



XI 



In 1890, Mr. L. S. Griswold, under the direction of Dr. 
J. C. Branner, then State Geologist of Arkansas, made a 
survey covering practically the entire slate area of the 
State, in doing the field work for his report on "Whetstones 
and the Novaculites of Arkansas," The result of this sur- 
vey is published in Volume III of the annual reports of the 
Geological Surveys of Arkansas for 1890. The object of 
the wdrk'of Mr. Griswold was such as to preclude the care- 
ful observations of all economic products except novacu- 
lite, but he has the following to say covering slates : The 
shales commonly found in the valley parts of the area in 
different degrees of hardness and various colors are com- 
monly called slates. These have been quarried in several 
places west of Little Rock for roofing slates, and near Hot 
Springs for flagging. They seem to lack the toughness of 
good slates and soon wear out. When sheltered from 
weather, however, they are fairly durable. The rocks of 
the area have been so completely crushed that it often is 
difficult to obtain the stone in large slabs, so the waste in 
quarrying is great. Some of the red varieties have pretty 
colors, and may find some use where the wear will not be 
so great as it is in the pavements.* 

In 1903, T. Nelson Dale published the results of a 
microscopic examination of a half dozen specimens of slate 
from Polk County, Arkansas. The specimens examined 
were black, red and green. As a result of the examination 
Mr. Dale says : The remarkably fine cleavage and the ab- 
sence of calcium and magnesium carbonate in the black 
(i) and green (6) render them exceptionally good. The 
reddish slate (4) is good and (3) may prove equally so. 
If (i) and (6) occurred in a populous region they would 
doubtless be in great demand. f 

Later Mr. E. C. Eckel of the U. S. Geological Survey 



*Geol. Surv. of Ark., Vol. Ill, 1890, p. 390. 
fBuHetin No. 225, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 416. 



xii Geological Survey of Arkansas 

made a reconnaissance trip through the slate area of Ar- 
kansas, the results of which are published in Bulletin No. 
275 of the U. S. Geological Survey, 1906. In this Mr. 
Eckel described the slate of some of the openings and gave 
the analyses of seven different specimens. His report is 
supplemented by several microscopic analyses by T. Nelson 
Dale. 

t 

The chapter on the bibliography of the geology of Ar- 
kansas was gratuitously furnished by Dr. J. C, Branner, 
ex-State Geologist of Arkansas, and represents his careful 
compilation of the literature on this subject for many years. 

The writer desires to take this opportunity of express- 
ing his appreciation of the uniformly courteous treatment 
from the people living within the area covered by this re- 
port. Especially is he under obligations to Mr. S. Higham 
of the Southwestern Slate Company, at Slatington, Ar- 
kansas, to Messrs. M. W. Jones and G. W. Heath of Big 
Fork, Arkansas ; to Mr. A. G. Jones, of Alamo, and to Mr. 
J. M. Jones, of Plata. 

A. H. PURDUE, 
State Geologist. 



CORRECTIONS. 



Pa^e XT. line 7. for Siinrys read Sitrvcy. 

Page 46, line 14, after p. add ^?/. 

Page 76, line 15, for 26 Jl\ read 2j IV. 

Page 80. line 26. strike out Fig. 2. 

Page 80, line 2"/. for /' read T//. 



THE SLATES OF ARKANSAS 

BY A. H. PURDUE, State Geologist 

CHAPTER I. 

HISTORIC DATA RELATING TO THE SLATE INDUSTRY 

THE INDUSTRY IN EUROPE. 

The time at which slate came into use for roofing pur- 
poses seems undetermined. Probably, as in the case of 
many other products of nature, its adoption for the uses of 
man extends far back into the darkness of history. Ac- 
cording to accounts, the locality where it was first used was 
western Wales, where it is said to have been utilized in the 
construction of buildings prior to the Norman conquest,* 
which took place in the latter part of the eleventh century. 
Some of the old castles of north Wales, built during the 
twelfth century, were covered with slatef from the quar- 
ries near by. In the centuries that followed, the slate in- 
dustry of Wales developed until slate was shipped in large 
amounts to all parts of Great Britain as well as to the Con- 
tinent and the United States. It appears, also, that slate 
for roofing purposes came into early use at Angers, France. 

As early as the first part of the seventeenth century,$ 
slate was extensively produced at the De la Bole quarries, 
Cornwall. The development of the slate industry, how- 
ever, is more closely associated with Wales than with any 
other region, and it is from there that the best quarrymen 
have been secured in the development of the business in 
the United States. 



*i6th An. Rep. U. S. G. S., Pt. IV., p. 481. 

tSlate and Slate Quarrying, Fourth Ed., p. 161. By D. C. Davies, 
London. 

$Loc. Cit. 



2 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

The Industry in the United States. 

Data upon the history of the slate industry in the 
United States seems rather meagre, but the following brief 
statement is quoted from Mr. George P. Merril :* 

"The quarrying of slate for roofing purposes is an industry of 

comparative recent origin in the United States The earliest 

opened and systematically worked [quarries] are believed to have 
been those at West Bangor, Pa., which date back to 1835. 

"The abundance of slate tombstones in many of our old church- 
yards, however, would seem to prove that for other purposes than 
roofing these stones have been quarried from a much earlier period. 
It is stated, moreover, that as early as 1721 a cargo of 20 tons of split 
slate was brought to Boston from Hangman's Island, in Braintree 
Bay, which may have been used in part for roofing purposes; but the 
greater part of the material for this purpose was imported directly 
from Wales. It is also stated that slates were quarried at Lancaster, 
Massachusetts, as early as 1750 or 1753, and were extensively used 
in Boston soon after the close of the Revolution. The old Hancock 

house on Beacon street was covered with slate from these 

quarries, as was also the old State House and several other buildings. 
This quarry was worked more or less for fifty years and formed at 
one time quite an important industry, but which finally became un- 
profitable, and about 1825 or 1830 the works were discontinued, not 
to be again started till about 1877. 

"The first quarry opened in what is now the chief slate-producing 
region of the United States was that of Mr. J. W. Williams, situated 
about a mile northwest of Slateford, in Pennsylvania. This dates back 
to the year 1812." 

The slate quarries of Pennsylvania are located in the 
vicinity of Bangor and Pen Argyl, in Northampton County ; 
Slatington, Lehigh County; and in York County. The lat- 
ter includes a part of the Peachbottom district, which lies 
partly in Pennsylvania and partly in Maryland. 

The early history of the slate industry in Maryland is 
obscure, but it appears that slate was quarried for local use 



♦An. Rep., Smithsonian Institution, 1886, Pt. II, p. 291. 



Si^ATES OF Arkansas 3 

as early as 1750.* The counties that produce slate are 
Harford, Montgomery and Frederick. 

Relating to the early history of the slate industry in 
Vermont, the following is quoted. f 

"In 1845, Hon. Alansan Allen, commenced working 

the slate of that [Fairhaven] region, and for two years limited his 

operations to the marfufacture of school slates At first the 

enterprise promised a fair remuneration for the outlay, but in conse- 
quence of a rapid decline in the price of school slates in the market 
the enterprise was abandoned, and in 1847 the first effort at manu- 
facturing roofing slate was made in Fairhaven by Mr. Allen. During 
that season he manufactured and sold about two hundred squares 

and in 1849 the amount reached five hundred squares; but 

the too prevalent custom of people to purchase a foreign article in 
preference to home productions, materially affected his sales, and al- 
most compelled him to abandon the enterprise. But in 1850-51 a new 
impetus was given to the slate business. Intelligent Welchmen, ac- 
customed to working slate, emigrated to Fairhaven, Castleton and 
Poultney, and made purchases of land and opened quarries, or were 
employed by others who had opened them ; and such was the charac- 
ter of the slate that the prejudice which had existed against Vermont 
slate in the cities, disappeared as soon as its valuable properties were 
fully understood. The result was that in 1855 — eight years after the 
first effort at manufacturing roofing slate was made — from that vicin- 
ity alone there were produced forty-five thousand squares of slate, 
or nearly twice the whole amount of slate imported from foreign 
countries that year 

"The "West Castleton Railroad and Slate Co.' in 1853, commenced 
sawing and planing slate for black-boards, billiard-beds, etc., and in 
1855 the successful experiment of enameling slate was made by this 
company, under the supervision of E. S. Chapman, Esq., since which 
the manufacture of enameled mantel pieces, bracket-shelves, table 
tops, etc., has steadily increased and now [1861J thousands of these 
articles, are annually manufactured and sold by this company 

"At the time of our visit [in 1858] there were employed about 
the works one hundred men, fifteen of whom were engaged at the 
quarry. From fifteen thousand to sixteen thousand feet of slate were 
sawed and polished per month, and of this, a large proportion was 
manufactured into chimney-pieces, pier-slabs, table and bureau-tops, 
map-boards, bracket-shelves, etc., and marbleized; and in addition to 



*Maryland Geol. Surv., Vol. VI., p. 189. 

tRep. on the Geol. of Vt., Vol. II., 1861, p. 796. 



4 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

this amount, there were also manufactured about one hundred and 
fifty squares of roofing slate per month." 

The most important slate district of Vermont is in 
Rutland County, the principal quarries being located near 
Castleton, Fairhaven, Poultney and Pawlet; but the coun- 
ties of Windham, Orange, Caledonia and Washington also 
produce slate. 

No data is at hand upon the history of the slate in- 
dustry of New York. INIost of the slate from this state is 
produced in Washington County, the deposits there being 
a continuation of those in Rutland County, Vermont. 

A small amount of slate quarrying has been done in 
northern New Jersey, in the continuation of the Bangor- 
Slatington belt of Pennsylvania. 

In Virginia, slate is produced at Arvonia, Buckingham 
County; Snowden, Amherst County; Warrenton, Fauquier 
County, and Fluvanna County. No data is at hand on the 
history of the industry in that state, but according to tra- 
dition of the quarrymen, the \\'illiams quarry, the oldest at 
Arvonia, has been operated since 1832. 

In Maine, slate is produced in Piscatoquis County, at 
the towns of Monson, Blanchard, and Brownville. 

In Georgia, slate is worked to some extent at Rock- 
mast, Polk County. 

A small amount of slate is produced in eastern Ten- 
nessee, in Blount County. 

Other states in which slate is known to occur are Ari- 
zona, California, Utah, Minnesota, and Michigan. 

The principal slate-producing states of the United 
States are Pennsylvania, \'ermont, Maine. Maryland, and 
Virginia. Among these Pennsylvania takes the lead with 
Vermont second and Maine third. 



Slates of Arkansas 5 

The slate of Pennsylvania is produced in Northamp- 
ton and Lehigh Counties, in the central-eastern part of the 
state. This area is known as the Bangor-Slatington slate 
belt. It extends eastward into the northern part of New 
Jersey, and it is from the latter locality that the slate of 
New Jersey is produced. There is another slate-produc- 
ing area in the southeastern part of Pennsylvania, in Lan- 
caster and York counties. This area extends into Harford 
County, Md., and it is here that most of the slate from the 
latter state is produced. The total length of this area in 
both Pennsylvania and Maryland is only about 10 miles, 
and its width does not exceed one-half mile. The slate 
from this area is what is known in the market as Peach 
Bottom slate. A small amount of slate has been produced 
from time to time in Frederick and jMontgomery counties. 

Most of the slate of Vermont and that of New York 
comes from one area, which is about tw^elve miles wide 
and thirty miles long, extending practically north and 
south, and is located in the central-eastern part of New 
York and the southwestern part of Vermont. 

The slate from Maine is produced near the center of 
the state, in the southern part of Piscatoquis County. 

The slate of Virginia occurs in Amherst, Buckingham 
and Fluvanna counties, near the central part of the state, 
and in Fauquier County in the northern part. The prin- 
cipal quarries are at Arvonia, a few miles south of James 
River in Buckingham County. 

The following is the value of the slate annually pro- 
duced in the United States, for all purposes, since the year 
1900.* 



*Statistics from the U. S. Geological Survey. 



6 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

Year, Value. Year. Value. 

1900 $4,240,466 1904 $5,617,195 

1901 4,787,525 1905 5,496,207 

1902 5,696,051 1906 5,668,346 

1903 6,256,885 1907 6,019,220 

The following table shows the production of slate in 

Arkansas, since 1902.* 



1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1905. 
1906. 
1907. 



Roofing 
slate 




Milled 


Total 


squares. 


Value. 


stock va ue. 


value. 


500 


$ 4,000 




$ 4,000 


118 


709 


$4,000 


4,709 


1,750 


10,300 


4,000 


14,300 


50 


350 


9,650 


10,000 






5,000 


5,000 






8,500 


8,500 



Most of the slate produced in the United States is 
used for roofing purposes. For example, the roofing slate 
produced in 1906 was reported as 1,214,742 squares, valued 
at $4,448,786, while the value of all other stock in the 
same year was $i;2 19,560. 

THE INDUSTRY IN ARKANSAS. 

The Eastern Part of the Slate Area. As early as 
1859, a slate quarry was opened northwest of Little Rock.f 
A company was formed to quarry this slate for roofing 
purposes, but it was found incapable of standing the 
weather. Many years ago a quarry was opened near the 
mouth of Glazierpeau Creek, twelve miles northwest of 
Hot Springs, but no reliable report of this slate having been 
utilized has been secured. From 1885 to 1908, several 
quarries were opened up in the western part of Pulaski 
County and the eastern part of Saline County, and from 
some of these, a small amount of roofing slate has been 
shipped. 

The Southwestern Slate and Manufacturing Company, 

*Compiled from statistics of the U. S. Geological Survey. 
tSecond Report of Geol. Recon. of Ark., by D. D. Owen, p. 73. 



Slates of Arkansas 7 

In 1902* the Southwestern Slate and Manufactur- 
ing Company was organized to operate in Polk and Mont- 
gomery counties, Arkansas. Title was acquired to land 
to the extent of about 1,600 acres. A large amount of 
money was subscribed for the development of the prop- 
erty, particularly at Slatington, Montgomery County. The 
money was expended in building roads, erecting buildings, 
installing .machinery and in various other improvements 
necessary for conducting an extensive business when trans- 
portation possibilities, which were soon expected, could be 
had. Disappointment in securing transportation and the 
large outlay of money, resulted in the re-organization of 
the company in 1905. In this re-organization, the name 
was changed to the Southwestern Slate Company, which 
succeeded to all the property of the first company, and pur- 
chased about 320 acres more land. This company is capi- 
talized at $500,000, the issued portion representing the 
actual cash invested. The operating plant contains one saw, 
one planer, and one rubbing-bed. To the present time 
(1908), only milling slate has been produced, a consider- 
able amount of this having been put on the market, prin- 
cipally for use in electrical purposes. 

The work of the Southwestern Slate and Manufactur- 
ing Company, and its successor, gave an impetus to slate 
prospecting, and a large number of titles were acquired to 
slate lands, and more or less prospecting done on many of 
them, among which the following are mentioned : 

The Altiis Slate Company. In 1900 the Altus Slate 
Company opened a quarry in Polk County in Section 11, 
3 N., 23 W., about seven miles west of Big Fork Post- 
ofiice. After working for about a year it was discontinued. 

The writer is informed that no slate was shipped from 
this quarry. Near by is another quarry that was owned 

*For the history of this company, the writer is indebted to Mr. 
J. M. Slyke, Sec. of the Southwestern Slate Company. 



8 GeoIvOGical Survey of Arkansas 

by the Standard Slate Company. After working- for some 
time this company went into bankruptcy, and the property 
was sold. 

Subsequently the Gulf Slate Company of Indianapolis, 
Indiana, opened a quarry in Sec. 12, 3 N., 29 W. Some 
buildings were erected and a good deal of work was done 
here but no slate was shipped. Nothing was being done at 
the time of the writers visit in the summer of 1907. 

In the neighborhood of Big^ Fork Postoffice, there are 
numerous smaller openings made by more or less preten- 
tious individuals and companies, most of which were made 
from 1900 to 1906. 

The J. R. Crozvc Coal and Mining Company. In 1904 
the J. R. Crowe Coal and Mining Company opened small 
quarries in Sec. 36, 3 S., 26 and 27 W. At the same time 
small buildings were erected for tenant houses, and a 
larger one for a hotel. At the time of the writer's visit 
(1907), no work was being done, and no slate had been 
shipped from this place. 

The Ozark Slate Company. In the winter of 1902 the 
Ozark Slate Company began operations in Garland County, 
about twelve miles west of Hot Springs. A plant was 
erected consisting of a hoisting engine, two wire trams, 
each about 500 feet long, and a few buildings. The most 
important of these contained the boiler and engine, two 
saws, one planer, one hand saw, one rubbing-bed and six 
slate trimmers. A great deal of work in the way of quarry- 
ing was done here. At the time of the writer's visit to 
this place, the plant was in charge of the quarry foreman, 
but no work was being done. 

Other Prospects. From 1900 to 1905, a large number 
of slate prospects were made in the neighborhood of Crys- 
tal Springs in Montgomery and Garland counties. jVbout 
the same time several prospects were opened up farther 
west, in the vicinity of Plata and Alamo, Montgomery 
County, but no slate has been shipped from any of these^ 



CHAPTER II. 

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS RELATING TO SLATE 
DEFINITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OE SLATE. 

Slate may be defined as any rock that has the property 
of parting along parallel planes developed to such an ex- 
tent that it may be split into thin plates with even surfaces. 
This propertv of parting is called cleavage. 

There are two classes of rock which are very unlike, 
but both somewhat resemble slate. These are schist and 
shale. In most cases slate is a rock intermediate between 
the two. Schist, like slate, will split along planes that are 
more or less parallel, but the surfaces thus produced are 
rough and wavy. It usually is harder, more inflexible, 
crystalline and stony than slate. Shale is not unlike slate 
in general appearance and composition, but there are differ- 
ences which may be discovered by either the geologist or 
the layman in the field, and others which can be determined 
only by the aid of the microscope. Of the former class, the 
following are some of the more common : ( i ) Shale oc- 
curs in layers or laminae, and when quarried these fall 
apart and break up into thin leaves or sheets ; slate is taken 
from the quarry in blocks, and comes to be in sheets only by 
artificial splitting. (2) Shale usually has less strength 
than slate, and is softer and more earthy to the touch and 
smell. (3) When suspended in air (as when supported 
on the ends of the fingers) and struck a light blow, shale 
will produce a dull, dead sound ; slate, when so struck, 
usually will have a somewhat metallic ring. 

The microscope shows that slate contains a greater 
variety of minerals than shale and that particles composing 



lo Geological Survey of Arkansas 

the slate are more or less flattened and have their longer 
axes in the same general direction, neither of w^hich is 
markedly true of shale. 

Slate is nearly always metamorphosed shale. Schist 
may be, and often is metamorphosed shale, the alteration 
having gone further than in slate. Probably in all cases 
where the question comes to be a practical one, it is easy 
to determine in the field whether a rock is a shale or a slate 
on the one hand, or a slate or a schist on the other. Slate, 
to have economic importance as such, would be recog- 
nized. But there are cases in which the classification from 
the scientific point of view, might become difficult; for 
there are all grades from shales into slates and slates into 
schists. 

Many of the mineral particles of slate are secondary. 
That is, they are not original constituents of the rock but 
have been formed in the process of alteration from a 
shale to a slate. The most common of these minerals is 
mica, which occurs as small scales. Those rocks in which 
these scales are sufficiently abundant to produce a lustrous 
appearance are known as phyllite, or mica slate. Slate in 
which mica is not thus developed and which is without 
lustre, is known as clay slate. 

THE ORIGIN OF SLATE. 

As Stated above, slate is of secondary origin. That is, 
its slaty properties have been induced in some parent rock, 
by alteration or metamorphism of that rock. Only rocks 
of very fine grain are capable of thus being altered. Most 
slate has been derived from the alteration of beds of shale, 
and this in turn was formed from the consolidation of mud 
or clay put down under water, layer upon layer. Such beds 
were derived from former land areas and were carried by 
streams and spread out over the beds of the sea, just as 
streams are now carrying material from the present land 



Slates of Arkansas 



II 



areas and spreading it out over the beds of the present 
seas. And, as at the present time, coarse material, consisting 
of sand and gravel, is put down along and near the coast 
line and the fine material usually some distance from the 
coast, so it must have been in former times. At the pres- 
ent time there are parts of the coast, such as bays, in which 
the water is comparatively quiet and in which mud and 
clay are now being deposited. Such, doubtless, were the 
conditions in past time. So that the material of most of 
the slate beds was put down partly in the deep water some 
distance from shore and partly in the quiet, shallow water 
near the shore. A very small amount of slate has been 
derived from fine grained rock of igneous origin. 

Slaty Cleavage. The conspicuous and important re- 
sult of the alterations of rock into slate is the development 
of the property known as slaty cleavage. The value of a slate 
deposit depends largely upon the perfection and ease with 
which it will split and this is dependent upon the perfection 
of the cleavage. 

Relation of Cleavage to Bedding. The direction of 
slaty cleavage usually is oblique to the bedding planes, 
though not always so. An idea of the common relation 
of cleavage to bedding may be obtained from Fig. i. 




Fig. I. Diagramatic illustration showing the common relation of 
cleavage to the bedding planes. 



12 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

The angle between the bedding planes and the cleav- 
age planes may vary from a very small one to a large one. 
If the sedimentary material from which the slate is derived 
consisted of layers of different color, composition or tex- 
ture, the relation of the cleavage to the bedding can be 
easily seen. It frequently happens that the shale from 
which the slate was derived consisted of differently colored 
layers ; or it may have contained thin beds of some other 
sedimentary material. In such cases the original differences 
in color of the slate are likely to be preserved, and the 
layers of different material will have the cleavage undevel- 
oped or poorly developed, depending upon the size and 
other physical characters of the constituent grains. In 
either case the banded effect of the original sedimentary 
material will be preserved, and the relation of the cleavage 
to the bedding will be evident. 

If the original material was of uniform color, compo- 
sition and texture, the relation of the cleavage to the bed- 
ding may not be an easy matter to determine, for under 
such conditions, all traces of bedding are likely to have 
been removed. In such cases, to determine the angle be- 
tween the cleavage planes and the bedding planes it is 
necessary to have the contact with beds which are above 
or below the slates, and in which the cleavage is not 
developed. In some cases the cleavage is parallel with the 
bedding planes, which, however, are then obliterated in 
those parts where the cleavage is developed. 

Along any line parallel with the strike of the rock, 
the angle between the cleavage and the bedding may be 
quite uniform throughout considerable distances. But along 
lines at right angles to the strike, or with the dip of the 
rock, this angle varies. The variation is caused by the 
cleavage planes being parallel, while the dip of the beds 
changes from point to point according to the location in the 
field. This will be understood by referring to Fig. i. 



Slates of Arkansas 13 

The Development of Slaty Cleavage. The develop- 
ment of slaty cleavage is a matter that has received a great 
amount of attention from geologists. While there is not 
complete agreement as to the exact nature of the process 
that produces it, all agree that the essential agent is lateral 
pressure. The sedimentary rocks, including of course the 
beds of shale from which most slates have been derived, 
were put down in water in practically horizontal positions. 
Neglecting the cause of lateral pressure and passing at 
once to its results, we note that because of the enormous 
pressure thus applied to the outer rocks of the earth, these 
rocks suffer great compression, from which they are gradu- 
ally bent into folds. Thus are produced the anticlines and 
synclines — the arches and the troughs — and therein lies 
the cause of the parallel ridges of most mountainous re- 
gions. Folded regions are expressions of lateral pressure 
over those parts of the earth where the pressure has effec- 
tually exerted itself. And as lateral pressure is necessary 
to the development of slaty cleavage, it follows that slate 
could not reasonably be expected to occur outside of folded 
regions. 

The process of folding, however, is not of itself neces- 
sary to the development of slaty cleavage. It is one of the 
results of strong lateral pressure. Slaty cleavage is an- 
other. Necessary conditions for the development of slaty 
cleavage to the extent necessary for commercial slates, are 
deposits of fine-grained material such as clay, and great 
pressure. 

The main features in the process by which slaty cleav- 
age is induced may be understood from the following con- 
ditions : The mineral grains and fragments constituting 
sedimentary rocks were put down under water with their 
longest axes approximating a horizontal direction. Much 
of this material consisted of beds composed mainly of clay 
and extremely fine-grained sand. This subsequently be- 



14 Geologicai, Survey op Arkansas 

came buried under many hundred feet of other material, the 
weight of which tended to force the longer axes of the 
grains in the same common horizontal position that they 
were disposed to assume during deposition. Also the 
weight of the superincumbent material tended to weld the 
grains together into coherent layers, thus producing shales, 
the rock from which most slate is derived. 

The alteration or metamorphism of shale into slate in- 
volves a series of complicated processes, the consideration 
of which cannot be exhaustively entered into here, but will 
be briefly discussed under the heads of mechanical pro- 
cesses and chemical processes* 

Mechanical Processes. The force of the mechanical 
processes is pressure. The exertion of the pressure is usu- 
ally supposed to be in approximately horizontal planes, and 
doubtless in most cases in which rocks have been deformed 
by this force it has so acted. In such cases the force is 
spoken of as lateral pressure because it acts in one direc- 
tion or in two opposite directions in or near a horizontal 
plane, t 

Because of the great number of factors entering into 
the stress usually spoken of as lateral pressure, this proba- 
bly acts in a perfectly horizontal direction only locally and 
for only comparatively short periods. But for the sake of 
simplicity it may be conceived as acting in parallel hori- 
zontal planes, and consequently in the initial stage, as ap- 

*For full treatment of this subject, the reader is referred to the 
following : 

Rock Cleavage. .By C. K. Leith, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 239. 

Deformation of Rocks — iir. Cleavage and Fisility. By C. R. Van 
Hise. Journal of Geolog\-, Vol. IV., pp. 449-483. 

Schistosity and Slaty Cleavage. George F. Becker, Journal of 
Geology, Vol. IV., pp. 429-443. Also Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. Vol. IV., 
1891, pp. 13-90. 

fit seems not unreasonable to suppose that when stratified rocks are 
buried, as they frequently have been, under thousands of feet of rock, 
the pressure resulting from the weight of the superincumbent rock 
might be suflficient to induce slaty cleavage to at least a slight degree, as 
in the case of brick moulded in a hydraulic press under excessive pressure. 



Slates of Arkansas 15 

proximately parallel to the bedding, and to the planes in 
which the longest axes of the mineral grains are located. 
Like all other dynamic forces of the earth, this pressure is 
gradually induced and acts gradually throughout the whole 
period of its exertion. It will increase in intensity until a 
maximum is reached and then decrease until it eventually 
dies out. During the stage of increase, there may come a 
time when the force exerted upon the rock beds from lateral 
pressure will be greater than that exerted by the weight of 
the superincumbent rocks. The difference between the 
two would be the differential pressure. 

As a result of this, the rock beds are shortened and the 
mineral particles constituting them, are gradually changed 
in form and position until their longest axes occupy planes 
at a high angle to the direction of the lateral pressure. This 
change involves in part a rotation of the mineral particles, 
accompanied by flattening, and in part only flattening. In 
any case the final position of the longest diameters of the 
grains after rotation and flattening is normal or nearly so 
to the direction of pressure and likely is in planes at a high 
angle to the bedding. 

If the lateral force were parallel to the bedding, the 
rotation and flattening of the mineral particles would bring 
their longest axes in planes normal to the bedding planes. 
But the lateral force is seldom parallel to the bedding, so 
that the longest axes of the mineral particles after rota- 
tion and compression usually occupy planes more or less 
oblique to the bedding planes. 

The thickening of the beds is due to the rotation and 
flattening of the mineral particles. The maximum thicken- 
ing would follow when the lateral force acts parallel with 
the bedding. This would decrease with change of direc- 
tion of the lateral force, and when this force is normal to 
the bedding planes there would be no thickening and prob- 
ably thinning would ensue. But as the lateral pressure can 



1 6 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

act perpendicular to the bedding planes only when the latter 
dip at a high angle, it follows that cases of thinning from 
this cause would be very exceptional. 

That the rotation of the mineral particles and their 
flattening in parallel planes is one of the important causes 
of slaty cleavage is evidenced in the fact that such cleav- 
age is parallel to the planes in which the flattening has 
taken place, i. e., the planes in which are located the long- 
est and mean diameters of the mineral grains ;* and by the 
further fact that the excellence of the cleavage is propor- 
tional to the degree of arrangement of the mineral parti- 
cles with their axes in common planes and the amount of 
flattening that has taken place, f 

It follows that the perfection of the cleavage is de- 
pendent upon all those factors that determine the amount 
of rotation and flattening. Among these are the strength 
of the differential pressure, the period of time during which 
it was exerted, and the hardness of the mineral particles. 
The grains of shale are composed of soft, easily com- 
pressed material and it doubtless is for this reason that 
such deposits are capable of acquiring the excellence of 
cleavage necessary for commercial slate ; for it often occurs 
that over- and under-lying beds composed of harder mate- 
rial have cleavage imperfectly developed or wholly unde- 
veloped. 

Attention already has been directed to the folding of 
rocks under pressure,and the association of cleavage with 
folded areas. Among the mechanical processes accompany- 
ing folding is that of shearing. This movement involves the 
slipping of different rock layers upon each other and may 
be illustrated by folding the leaves of a book and noticing 



*Secondary cleavage may be produced in the planes of the longest 
and shortest diameters, or normal to the main cleavage. This is known 
in slate as the "grain." 

^Rock Cleavage. Bull. No. 239, U. S. Geol. Surv., by C. K. Leith, 



Plate I. 




I. Diagram illustrating the shearing of rock layers over each other 
in the process of folding. 




2. An example of the shearing of rock layers over each other in the 
process of folding. The shearing is shown by the displacement 
of the quartz veins. 



Slates of Arkansas 17 

how the edges change from an angle normal to the page 
to one oblique to the page. Figure i of Plate i will fur- 
ther illustrate this process, and figure 2 is a photograph of 
a rock, the layers of which have sheared over each other, 
in folding. The amount of shearing is shown by the dis- 
placement of the quartz veins, which had been formed be- 
fore the folding took place. 

Van liise has called attention to the fact that this 
shearing process, in soft beds, causes the cleavage to accord 
more nearly with the bedding than if the rocks did not 
suffer from it.* It will be seen that this movement in the 
case of soft beds is along numerous planes parallel with the 
bedding and would tend to shift the longest axes of the 
mineral grains from any position oblique to the bedding, 
to one parallel with it. 

Chemical Processes. The chemical processes that are 
a part of metamorphism are thought by investigators to 
be an important cause of slaty cleavage. These consist in 
the development and crystallization of new minerals and 
the recrystallization of the old ones. In this process the 
newly formed minerals tend to take a position with their 
longer dimensional axes parallel with those of the mineral 
grains. The process doubtless goes on simultaneously with 
the rotation and flattening of the mineral grains, and possi- 
bly is continued afterwards. Those minerals that are 
formed while pressure is active, rotate and flatten in the 
same direction as the original mineral grains; and the 
parallelism of these newly formed minerals with the orig- 
inal grains facilitates cleavage. 

But minerals themselves possess cleavage. In some 
this property is well developed, in others poorly developed. 
Among those in which it is well developed is mica, and it 
so happens that in the process of metamorphism resulting 
in slate, mica is much more abundantly developed than any 



^Deformation of Rocks, Jour, of Geo!., Vol II, pp. 472-473. 



i8 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

of the secondary minerals. Also the cleavage planes of 
mica are usually parallel with the longest axes of the min- 
eral particles, so that the cleavage of this mineral coincides 
with that of the rock and comes to be an important cause of 
the slaty cleavage. Other minerals of secondary importance, 
because they are not so common in slate as mica, and be- 
cause their cleavage planes do not so frequently take the 
general parallel direction of the constituent grains, are 
chlorite and hornblende. 

The cause of the chemical reactions resulting in the 
fonnation of secondary minerals probably rests in the fric- 
tional heat developed during the process of rotation and 
flattening under lateral stress, aided by the presence of the 
moisture in the original shales. The new minerals are 
formed by the breaking up and the recombination of the 
elements of the older ones, especially those of clay, feld- 
spar and iron. These new minerals are mainly the micas, 
(muscovite and biotite), hornblende and chlorite. Both 
the micas occur in very thin scales. Muscovite is a silicate 
of aluminum and potash and is usually colorless though it 
may be tinged with yellow, brown, green or violet. Bio- 
tite, which is not nearly so common in slate as muscovite, 
is a silicate of aluminum, potash, magnesium and iron. It 
is black to dark green in color. 

Hornblende is a silicate of aluminum, calcium, magne- 
sium and iron. It is quite hard and varies in color from 
green to black. In slate it occurs in small, usually micro- 
scopic crystals. 

Chlorite is a silicate of aluminum, magnesium and iron, 
containing water. It usually is of green color, is soft and 
smooth and unctuous to the feel. 

The development of new minerals consists in the 
breaking up and rearrangement of the elements of the min- 
erals present before metamorphism. While certain elements 



Slates of Arkansas 19 

of the shale may be removed in small quantity by the under- 
ground water, and others introduced in small quantity by 
the same agent, but little difference in composition would 
be expected between slate and the shale from which it was 
derived. 

In order to make a comparison between the two, the 
following table of partial analyses has been compiled from 
complete a,nalyses of shale and slate by the U. S. Geolog- 
ical Survey.* The analysis of shale was made from a com- 
posite of fifty-one samples of Paleozoic shale; that of slate 
is the average of several analyses of slates of Cambrian 
age from Vermont. The minerals are arranged in the. 
order of their quantitative importance. 

Table of Analyses of Shale and Slate. 

Shale Slate 

Si02 60.15 60.921 

AI2O3 16.45 18.28 

Fe203 4.04 1.91 

FeO 2.90 4.92 

H2O 4.71 3.242 

K2O 3.60 4.16 

MgO 2 .34 2 .72 

Na20 1 .01 1 .34 

CO2 1 .46 .81=* 

Ti02 .76 .76 

CaO 1 .41 .76 

P2O5 .15 .12 

MnO trace .16 

BaO .04 .06^ 

C .88 .26^ 

'Unless otherwise stated, amount given is the average of the 
analyses of ii samples, the total number analyzed. 
"Includes moisture and water of crystallization. 
'Average of the analyses of 9 samples. 
*Average of the analyses of 4 samples. The other 7 contained none. 

When it is remembered that original differences of 

composition must be considered, the similarity of the two 

♦Bulletin No. 168, pp. 17 and 278-280. 



26 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

columns is striking. The greatest differences is in the 
relative amounts of ferric and ferrous iron, the ferric being 
most abundant in the shale and the latter in the slate, the 
proportion being in the reverse order. This doubtless is 
attributable to the reduction of the ferric to the ferrous 
iron by the carbonaceous matter of the shale. It will be 
noted that the amount of carbon in the shale is greater than 
in the slate. The relative combined amounts of the ferric 
and the ferrous iron in the shale and slate respectively are 
6.94 and 6.83. 

Of course it is understood that while the chemical 
analyses so closely resemble, the petrographic or micro- 
scopic analyses would be quite different, as the latter would 
indicate the mineral occurring in the slate and not found 
in the shale. 

VARIETIES OF SLATE. 

Slate may be divided into classes on the basis of either 
color, mineral properties, or uses. 

As to color, slate may be black, purple, red or green. 
Black slate, like black shale, owes its color to finely divided 
carbonaceous matter deposited with the shale from which 
the slate was derived; purple slate to a mixture of iron 
oxide, FeaOg and chlorite; red slate to the presence of iron 
oxide; and green slate probably to the presence of a large 
amount of chlorite. 

As to mineral properties, slate is commonly divided 
into clay slate and phyllite or mica slate. The difference 
in the two classes is in the degree of metamorphism, that 
process having gone much farther in the mica slate than in 
the clay slate. The mica slates are more compact than the 
clay slates, as a rule are more sonorous, and have mica 
scales developed in sufficient amount to give them more or 
less of a metallic lustre. 



Slates of Arkansas 21 

As to use, slate may be diyided into roofing slates and 
milling- slates. As the name suggests, roofing slates are 
those suitable for roofing purposes. The properties for go<xl 
roofing slate will be considered later. Milling slate is slate 
that is suitable for any commercial purpose to which slate is 
put other than for roofing. It is so called because before 
being placed on the market, it must go through the factory 
where it is sawed, planed and polished. Some slates are 
suitable only 'for milling purposes, others for roofing, while 
still others can be used for either. 

USES AND QUALITIES OE SLATE. 

Most of the slate quarried is sold for roofing, though a 
large amount is used for other purposes, such as flooring, 
blackboards, school slates, electric switch-boards, table tops, 
wainscoting and vats. Probably the greatest demand at 
present, aside from roofing purposes, is for switch-boards. 

Among the qualities to be considered in roofing slate 
are color, cleavability, strength and ability to withstand at- 
tacks of atmospheric agencies. 

The things to be considered in selecting the color of 
a roofing slate are the requirements of harmony with the 
colors in the w-alls of the building on which it is to be used, 
and the ability of the color to endure the weathering agents 
without fading. If a slate has been long in use, the endur- 
ance of its color can be tested by comparing a piece fresh 
from the quarry with another that has been in service for 
several years; if not, it may be tested by comparing a piece 
fresh from the quarry with natural exposures of the bed 
from which it is taken. Discoloration is due to the chem- 
ical reactions of the constituent minerals, consequently the 
stability of a color depends upon whether the minerals are 
stable or unstable. Of the different slates, green is the 
most likely to discolor. 



2,2 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

Roofing- slate should be sufficiently cleavable to split 
readily in plates a quarter of an inch or less in thickness, 
with smooth surfaces. The smooth surface is desired be- 
cause it adds to the appearance of the roof, prevents the col- 
lecting of dust, and by the equal distribution of any strain 
that may come upon them, avoids the breakage of over- 
lapping shingles. "Ribbons" are undesirable because the 
cleavage over them is usually uneven, because they often 
produce lines of weakness and because the variety of color 
mars the appearance of the roof. 

The strength of roofing slate should be suffiicent to 
withstand the strains of shipping- and service, with small 
loss from breakage. The strains of service come from 
those produced by workmen in laying and making repairs, 
the impact of hailstones, objects thrown on the roof, and 
the expansion of such freezing water as may be able, by 
the clogging of gutters or otherwise, to collect under the 
shingles or in the joints between them. 

The ability of a slate to withstand the attacks of at- 
mospheric agencies depends chiefly upon the mineral con- 
stituents and the degree of metamorphism. Porosity 
doubtless is a factor in determining the life of a slate, but 
those used for roofing purposes are so compact that this 
probably can be neglected. 

The common minerals that are more or less injurious 
to slate, are lime and the sulphides of iron, especially mar- 
casite. Lime being easily attacked by the acids of the at- 
mosphere, is disposed to cause the disintegration of slate, 
if present in considerable quantities. Iron sulphide is ox- 
idized by the atmosphere to sulphate, which being soluble, 
causes disintegration. Clay slate may be so slightly meta- 
morphosed that it will soon go to pieces under the influ- 
ence of changes of temperature, and absorption and evap- 
oration of moisture. 



SlatEvS of Arkansas 23 

Milling slate includes all slate that may be manufac- 
tured and placed on the market for flooring, wainscoting, 
mantels, lavatories, blackboards, switchboads, laundry 
tubs, etc. Such slate, on being taken from the quarry, is 
first sawed into blocks of the desired size, then split and 
planed to the desired thickness, after which it is put on the 
rubbing bed and polished. It is not necessary that slate 
for milling purposes have the perfect cleavage required 
for roofing slate, but it must be free from sand, nodules of 
iron sulphide and other hard material that would injure 
the saw or planer, or prevent polishing. The strength 
should be sufficient to permit of shipping, handling, and 
the necessary drilling, sizing, etc., required by the final use 
to which it is put, with but little loss from breakage. An 
essential requirement for switchboards is that the material 
be practically a nonconductor. It follows that for this 
purpose, metalliferous veins are detrimental, as is any con- 
siderable amount of magnetite, pyrite or other metallic sul- 
phide, distributed throughout the slate. Hematite is so 
poor a conductor that its presence does not materially inter- 
fere with the use of slate for electrical purposes. 



CHAPTER III 

GEOLOGY OF THE ARKANSAS SLATE AREA. 

LOCATION AND EXTENT OE THE ARKANSAS SEATE AREA. 

The area in which the known slate deposits of Arkan- 
sas occur is located in the central-western part of the State. 
From reading that part of thi's report that relates to the ori- 
gin of slaty cleavage, it will be seen that slate can be ex- 
pected only in those regions where the rocks are more or 
less intensely folded ; and as such conditions of rock struc- 
ture in Arkansas occur only in the highlands south of the 
Arkansas River and west of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain 
& Southern Railroad, it is useless to search for slate else- 
where within the State. 

Nor can slate be expected within all parts of the area 
named ; for not only is it necessary for dynamic agencies to 
so act upon the rocks as to compress and throw them into 
folds, but it is necessarv for the originally deposited mate- 
rial from which the rocks were formed to be mechanically 
and chemically suited to undergo metamorphism' into slate. 
Most slate has been derived from metamorphosed shale. 
While shale is common over all parts of the area above out- 
lined, and while folding in many parts has been so intense 
a.3 to cause the strata to stand on edge or even to be over- 
turned, slate is confined to a comparatively limited area; be- 
cause within that area only were the shales of such a 
nature as to permit of their alteration into slate. 

The area in which the slates of Arkansas are located 
includes a part of the Ouachita Mountains and extends 
from near Little Rock westward to near Mena. Its length 
is about loo miles and its average width probably is about 



Slates of Arkansas 25 

15 miles. It includes parts of Saline, Garland, Montgom- 
ery and Polk counties. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain and 
Southern Railroad runs near the eastern border, and the 
Kansas City Southern Railroad near the western border. 
A branch of the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf Railroad 
from Little Rock to Hot Springs passes over a portion of 
the area most of the way from Benton to Hot Springs. The 
iSt. Louis. Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad has a 
branch road from Malvern to Hot Springs, and the Gurdon 
and Ft. Smith Railroad is completed from the former place 
oh the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad to 
Womble, a new town two and one-half miles southeast of 
Black Springs in Montgomery County. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

The Piedmont plain. The central parts of Clark, 
Pike. Howard and Sevier counties have a topography con- 
sisting of low east-west, rather even crested ridges of prac- 
tically uniform height, with comparatively broad, interven- 
ing valleys. It is this area, with its extension westward into 
Oklahoma, that forms the southern border of the Ouachita 
Mountain System, and in this report is known as the 
Piedmont plain. A plane tangent to the crests of the ridges 
would slope southward at a low angle, passing beneath the 
level Cretaceous plain that occupies the southern part of 
the counties named. Northward, it would intersect the 
base of the southern ranges of the Ouachita Mountains, 
which rise abruptly above it. 

This rather low area, forming the southern boundary 
of the Ouachita Mountains, is of the type known to geolo- 
gists as a dissected peneplain. Its complete history would 
require more space than can here be devoted to it, for it is 
long and intricate ; but the essential facts in the history are 
as follows : The rocks of the area are of sedimentary ori- 
gin and have been so intensely folded that they stand for 
the most part on edge. During the process of folding, they 



26 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

were lifted out of the sea, converting the area they occupy, 
not only into land, but into one of high mountains. In the 
long period that followed, these mountains were worn down 
to a quite level plain by the atmospheric agencies and run- 
ning water, leaving the truncated edges of the rocks at the 
surface. These rocks consisted of belts of rather hard sand- 
stone with intervening belts of soft shale. Neglecting mi- 
nor changes of level, there was subsequently a period of ele- 
vation that brought the rocks to about their present alti- 
tude. During the time following this elevation the belts 
of soft rock have undergone denudation more rapidly tha'n 
those of the hard ones, with the result that the former are 
now occupied by valleys and the latter stand up as ridges. 

The Arkansas Valley. The history of the Arkansas 
Valley to the north of the Ouachita System, is similar to 
that of the area to the south, in that erosion over the area 
occupied by it has been great. However, this area has not 
suffered the complete planation of the one to the south, but 
there are left here and there large portions of the former 
rock beds, constituting such mountains as Sugar Loaf, in 
Sebastian County; Magazine, in Logan County; Mount 
Kebo, in Yell County; and Petit Jean Mountain, in Perry 
County. 

The Ouachita Mountain System. The Ouachita Moun- 
tain System extends from Little Rock to Atoka, Oklahoma, 
a distance of about 200 miles and is limited on the south by 
the Piedmont plain, and on the north by the Arkansas Val- 
ley. Its width is about 50 miles. In Arkansas, the Ouach- 
ita System* is divided into a northern and a southern 
part. The term Ouachita Range is applied to the southern 
part, but no name has yet been adopted for the aggregate 



*The term "Ouachita System" was first applied in the Reports of 
the Geol. Surv. of Ark.. 1888, Vol. II., p. 10; and 1890. Vol. III., p. 
196, to those east-west ridges that contain the novaculites, or Arkansas 
whetstone rocks. But in late years, the term has been extended to 
include the important group of mountains to the north and Ouachita 
Range is here used in the sense of the original term "Ouachita Sys- 
tem." 



\ Slates of Arkansas 27 

of the several hijh mountain ridges constituting the north- 
ern part. The prominence of these mountains in the State, 
and in fact on the continent, entitles them to a name. For 
that reason, and also as a matter of convenience, they are 
here designated the Fourche Range, that being the name 
applied to one of the highest mountains of the area, as well 
as to another ridge of lesser importance. 

The Ouachita Range. The Ouachita Range consists 
of a large number of parallel ridges that run for the most 
part east and west. These ridges are narrow, with steep 
slopes and sharp, straight, barren crests. The highest moun- 
tains of the area are in the western and central parts, where 
many of the ridges are 1800 feet or more above sea-level, 
with here and there prominent peaks mounting up to over- 
2000 feet above sea-level or more than 1000 feet above the 
streams at their bases. The steep slopes and crests are cov- 
ered with large amounts of rock debris, rendering climbing 
extremely slow and difficult. This range is divided bj 
basins into several more or less distinct parts to which the 
following names have been applied : 

The Zigzags* in Garland County; the Cystal Moun- 
tains in Garland and Montgomery counties; the Trap 
Mountains, in Hot Spring and Garland counties ; the Caddo 
Mountains in Polk and Montgomery counties; and the 
Cossatot Mountains in Polk, Montgomery, and Pike coun- 
ties. 

The basins above referred to are located as follows : 
The Caddo basin is a small area in Montgomery County at 
the western end of the Crystal Mountains and north of the 
Caddo Mountains. The town of Black Springs is located 
in this basin. It is drained by the Caddo River, which 
leaves it through Caddo Gap, one of the principal water- 



*These names are used in the Rep. of the Geol. Surv. of Ark., 
1890, Vol. III., pp. 196-200. 



28 Geological Survey oe Ark\nsas 

gaps of the area, located at the southeastern corner of the 
basin. 

The Ouachita basin is a basin about 30 miles long and 
from 5 to 8 miles wide, lying in Montgomery County be- 
tween the Crystal Mountains and the Fourche Range, and 
drained by the Ouachita River. 

Mazarn basin is about 25 miles long and 5 to 8 miles 
wide, and is situated in Garland County south of the Caddo 
and Zigzag mountains, and north of the Trap Mountains. 
It is drained by the Ouachita River, which receives Mazam 
Creek from the west. 

A narrow extension of the Mazarn basin runs west- 
ward for about 24 miles into Montgomery County. This 
lies between Caddo Mountain on the north, and Reynolds, 
Tweedle, Bearden and other mountains on the south. 

The Fourche Range. The mountains of the Fourche 
Range are on the whole of greater magnitude than those of 
the Ouachita Range. The ridges, like those of the Ouachita 
Range are parallel, with a general east-west course, but 
they are larger and higher than those of the Ouachita 
Range, and are separated by wider valleys. In a general 
way, it is divided into two parts by the valley of the Fourche 
la Fave River. In the northern division are Poteau Moun- 
tain in Sebastian and Scott counties ; Petit Jean Mountain 
in Logan, Scott and Yell counties ; and Danville and 
Fourche Mountains in Yell County. In the southern divi- 
sion are Rich and Irons Fork mountains in Polk County; 
Black Fork and Fourche mountains in Polk and Scott 
counties; Blue Mountain in Garland County; and White 
Oak Mountain in Saline County. 



Slates of Arkansas 29 

rocks oe the slate area. 

Igneous Rocks. The surface rocks in which the slates 
of Arkansas occur are practically all of sedimentary origin. 
In the eastern part of the slate region, there is a small 
area of igneous rock at Potash Sulphur Springs in Garland 
County, and a larger one at Maenet Cove, Hot Spring 
County. A short distance beyond the eastern border of the 
slate region, there are two small areas of igneous rock, one 
in Saline County, about six miles east of Benton, and one 
in Pulaski County a short distance south of Little Rock. 
These igneous rocks are much younger than the sedimentary 
rocks of the slate area, the flows that produced them having 
occurred about Cretaceous times. 

In numerous places throughout the eastern part of the 
slate area, from the town of Crystal Springs eastward, 
dikes of igneous rock are reported.* The dikes doubtless 
are the same age as the larger areas of igneous rocks, with 
which there is every reason to suppose they are connected 
beneath the surface rocks. While exposed in a large num- 
ber of places, their actual area is so small and their effect 
upon the sedimentary rocks so little, that for the purpose of 
the present report they may be neglected. 

Sedimentary Rocks. The sedimentary rocks of the 
area consist of shales and slates, chert, novaculite, sand- 
stone, and a small amount of limestone. Of these the shales 
and slates occur in the greatest quantity and the relative 
amounts of the others in the order named. The following 
table presents the different rocks that occur in the area in 
the order of their ages with the oldest at the bottom : 



*Geol. Surv. of Ark., Vol. II., 1890, pp. 409-427. 



GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ARKANSAS 




LEGEND 
CAR80NIFER0US 



Stanic-y Shale 



Fork Mtn. Slat«> 



Arkansas Xovaculite 

Missouri Mtn. Slatf 
ORDOVICIAN 

Bla)«ock SaniLston.- 
Polk Creek Shale 



m.'hita Shale an.l 
trinirtown Shale 



Crystal Mtn. Sandstone 



UNKNOWN AGE 



N()RTH-.-()('TII -l-CTION TllUOCdll tIlY.>>lAL MOl NTAINS ANO STRAWN MOUNTAIN 
UoriioDud tntl vcrlical acala. i inb=I railc ■ 

All Ihf fitrmatiotts hrlott Missouri Mountain slate are intnisrly ' 



show finlif the ffetterat i 



GEOLOGIC MAP, WITH SECTIONS, OF PORTIONS OF MONTGOMERY, POLK, PIKE, AND HOWARD COUNTIES, ARKANSAS 

TO ACCOMP.ANY REPORT nS SLATKS 



30 GEOI.OGICAL Survey oe Arkansas 

Carboniferous {Stanley shale 6,000 ft. 

UNCONFORMITY. 

( Fork Mountain slate 100 ft. 

Age unknown < Arkansas novaculite 800 ft. 

(Missouri Mountain slate 300ft. 

PROBABLE UNCONFORMITY. 

/Blaylock sandstone 1500 ft. 

j Polk Creek shale 100 ft. 

\Bisfork chert 700 ft. 

Ordovician Stringtown shale 100 ft. 

j UNCONFORMITY. 

I Ouachita shale 900 ft. 

\Crystal Mountain sandstone 700 ft. 

PROBABLE UNCONFORMITY. 

Age unknown |Collier shale (observed thick- 
ness) 200 ft. 5.400 ft. 

Total 1 1,400 ft. 

ROCKS OF UNKNOWN AGE. 

Under this heading there is but one formation, vvhidi 
is here called the Collier shale, beneath the rocks of known 
Ordovician age. This, with the other older rocks of the 
Ouachita region, was considered by the Geological Survey 
of Arkansas as of Lower Silurian (Ordovician) age*. As 
will be seen later, some of the older rocks above this shale 
are certainly of Ordovician age, as is shown by the fossils 
they contain ; and the Crystal Mountain sandstone, the for- 
mation immediately above, is considered Ordovician on lith- 
ologic ground. But careful search has failed to reveal any 
fossils in the Collier shale, nor has it any lithologic charac- 
ters that would give it claim to an age classification with 
the overlying rocks. On the other hand, it is quite different 
from the rocks above, and at its top there is at least locally 
a conglomerate which future study may determine to be 
widespread. For these reasons, it is thought best not to 
even provisionally place this with the Ordovician. It may 
be Cambrian. If so, these are the oldest outcropping rocks 

*Geol. Surv. of Ark., Vol. III., 1890. 



Slates of Arkansas 31 

in the State. The following is a description of the Collier 
shale : 

The Collier shale. This shale is named from Collier 
Creek along the head waters of which it was first observed, 
in the western part of the Crystal Mountains. It is strati- 
graphically the lowest, and consequently the oldest of the 
rocks of the region. Its total thickness was not ascertained, 
but this certainly is several hundred feet. About 200 feet 
is exposed in the area above mentioned. This shale is the 
surface rock north of the western end of the Crystal Moun- 
tains, but its areal extent is not yet known. It is a dark, 
soft, graphitic, clay shale, containing widely-separated thin 
beds of dense, black and intensely fractured chert. As a 
result of the severe squeezing and shearing it has under- 
gone practically all traces of bedding have disappeared. It 
is intensely crumpled and is full of glossy, slicken-sided sur- 
faces. In places, slaty cleavage may be observed. The up- 
per 100 feet or more is quite calcareous, limestone occur- 
ring in dark colored, crystalline lenses and layers one-half 
inch or more in thickness, distributed through the shale. In 
other parts, the limestone is several feet in thickness, and 
occurs in much contorted layers from a few inches to more 
than two feet thick, interbedded with thin seams of graph- 
itic shale. In such cases, the limestone is dark and compact, 
is much jointed and on long exposure weathers in very un- 
even surfaces. 

In Sec. 3, 3 N., 25 W., the northeast quarter, the lime- 
stone of this shale is reported by Mr. H. D. Miser to be in 
the neighborhood of 100 feet thick, and is described by him 
as made up of layers from one-half inch to two feet thick, 
interbedded with black shale, the thickest being at the top. 
The color of this limestone varies from a light steel gray 
to bluish gray or black, the former predominating at the top 
and the latter near the base. The upper part of the lime- 
stone is conglomeratic, containing large numbers of rounded 



32 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

quartz grains the size of peas and smaller, and rounded 
masses of bluish limestone and black chert as much as six 
inches in diameter. The limestone, on weathering, has the 
characteristics of a coarse, soft, porous, brown sandstone. 
Mr. Miser, who observed the conglomerate in several places, 
thinks there is no doubt but that the chert bowlders were 
derived from the chert of the shale .beneath. No fossils 
have been found in either the limestone or the shale. 



ORDOVICIAN 

The rocks of known Ordovician age within the 
Ouachita Range include five formations, which are here 
known as the Crystal Mountain sandstone, the Ouachita 
shale, the Stringtown shale, the Bigfork chert, the Polk 
Creek shale, and the Blaylock sandstone. 

The Crystal Mountain sandstone. This formation is 
named from the mountains in which it occurs, and consists 
of two parts, a lower massive one composed wholly of sand- 
stone, 300 feet thick; and an upper pnrt consisting of rather 
massive layers of sandstone interbedded with black to gray 
shale, 400 feet thick. The shale is in places altered to rib- 
boned slate, like the lower part of the Ouachita shale, pre- 
sently to be described. The lower part is the main rock of 
the Crystal Mountains, which owe their existence to this 
massive, slow-weathering formation. It is a coarse-grained, 
white sandstone, composed of well rounded grains, and 
commonly weathers to the color of brown sugar. In many 
parts, it is thickly set witli a net-work of quartz veins from 
the thickness of a knife blade to several inches. In other 
parts tliere are fissures from several inches to several feet 
in width, the walls of which are lined with magnificent clus- 
ters of quartz crystal. It is the common occurrence of such 
crystals, that gave the name to the mountains, and it is 
from this sandstone that the large number of quartz crys- 



Slates oe Arkansas 33 

tals, sold at Hot Springs for museum and ornamental pur- 
poses, are secured. 

Erosion has removed the upper part of the formation 
from the highest parts of the Crystal Mountains, but it oc- 
curs in the ridge to the south, extending from the town of 
Womble, Montgomery County, eastward for several miles. 

This formation has not to the present time produced 
any fossils, and it is considered of Ordovician age wholly on 
lithologic ground. The sandstone passes gradually into 
the Ouachita shale above, and the close resemblance of the 
included shale beds to the Ouachita shale, seem to the ob- 
server in t^:e field conclusive evidence that the two are of 
the same age. . 

The Ouachita shale. The Ouachita shale is so named 
because of its geological importance in the Ouachita Moun- 
tain area. It is the next formation above the Crystal Moun- 
tain sandstone, into which it passes by gradual increase of 
sandy layers. It is the surface rock over most of the area 
north of Missouri and Caddo mountains and west of the 
Crystal Mountains. A tongue of the exposure passes around 
the southern border of the Crystal Mountains and extends 
eastward into Garland County. Fine exposures are to be 
found almost everywhere within the area described. The 
formation is intensely crumpled, and for that reason its 
thickness has not definitely been made out, but it probably 
is not less than 900 feet. 

For the most part this is a dark colored clay shale, but 
not uncommonly the dark layers alternate with green ones. 
In many places, slaty cleavage is developed, when the alter- 
nating layers of dark and green produce ribboned slate. 
Somewhere in the lower portion there are thin layers of 
limestone, interbedded with the shale. Such layers may be 
seen along Collier Creek, in the east part of Sec. 22, 3 S., 
24 W. Quartz veins and thin layers of hard flinty material 
are common, and fragments of quartz frequently occur on 



34 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

the ground where this is the surface rock. The shale is 
frequently dissected by straight, well defined joints. Grap- 
tolites, while not so common as in the shales above, are 
frequently to be found. 

TJic Stringtozvn shale. The Stringtown shale is so 
named by Mr. J. A. Taff* of the U. S. Geological Survey, 
who first described the formation as it occurs near String- 
town, Oklahoma. In Arkansas it rests uncomformably 
upon the Ouachita shale, and is from 75 to 150 feet thick. 
It consists of two parts, a lower calcareous part and an 
upper shaley part. The lower part of the formation con- 
tains lenses of bluish, compact, brittle limestone, usually 
thickly set with calcite veins. The basal portion of this is 
sometimes conglomeratic, the pebbles ranging from the size 
of peas to two inches in diameter, and are sub-angular. 
They consist of shale, very fine-grained brown sandstone, 
and limestone. This conglomerate may be seen in Mont- 
gomery County, Sec. 26, 3 N.. 26 W., on the hillside to 
the east of the road, and about 200 yards southeast of the 
schoolhouse. 

The maximum observed thickness of the limestone 
lenses is about 75 feet. They are made up of layers from a 
few inches to two feet in thickness and they may thin down 
to a few feet or entirely disappear, within very short dis- 
tances. The rapid thickening and thinning of the limestone, 
its sporadic occurrence, the conglomerate it contains, and 
the lithologic difference between the shale of the formation 
and that beneath, led to the conclusion in the field that there 
is an unconformity between the two formations, which after- 
ward was confirmed on paleontologic evidence, by Mr. E. O. 
Ulrich. The irregular occurrence of the limestone is due 
to its having been put down in the valleys of the old land 
surface, and the pebbles of the conglomerate at the base of 



♦Atoka Folio, (No. 79) U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 4, 



Slatks of Arkansas 35 

the limestone doubtless were carried in by the streams flow- 
ing over that surface. 

The upper or shale portion of the formation usually is 
from 50 to 75 feet thick. It is a very black shale and is 
soft enough to soil the fingers in handling, cjualities due to 
the presence of a large per cent of finely disseminated graph- 
ite. In places, the graphite is conspicuous, and occurs in 
thin, wavy sheets. While most of this part of the formation 
is shale, there sometimes occur in it, especially near the 
top, thin beds of dark colored chert, very similar to the Big- 
fork chert, next to be described, as well as thin layers of 
limestone. Some of the shale layers are quite calcareous, 
and when the lime is dissolved out from these, there re- 
mains a gray to pink colored porous, spongy shale, frag- 
ments of which are frequent on the slopes. Fossil grapto- 
lites abound in the shale of this formation and occur spar- 
ingly in the limestone. 

The Bigfork chert. The Bigfork chert is so named 
from Big Fork Postoffice, in Montgomery County, about 
which this formation extensively occurs. However, it is 
not limited to this area, but is found in many parts of the 
Ouachita Range. 

It is a very close textured, even-bedded, silicious rock, 
in layers from one to eighteen inches thick, but the most 
common thickness is from three to six inches. The color 
varies from a slate to a dark gray, the former being most 
common. It is very brittle, and under the blows of the ham- 
mer, flies into small pieces. The fracture is angular, in some 
of the layers approaching conchoidal. In places, it is 
thickly set with a net-work of fine quartz veins. It is along 
these veins that the stone breaks when struck wMtli a ham- 
mer, and so numerous are they that it often is difficult to 
secure a hand specimen with fresh surfaces. Straight joints 
several inches in length with remarkably smooth surfaces, 



36 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

are common. Weathered portions have the appearance of 
fine-grained, gray, weather sandstone. Usually the layers 
are crumpled to an astonishing degree, and it probably was 
the strain accompanying this intense folding that caused the 
net-work of thin joints, which subsequently were filled with 
quartz, forming the veins above described. Its thickness is 
about 700 feet. 

This formation is mapped by the Geological Survey of 
Arkansas* as novaculite, but it differs materially from the 
true novaculite of the area, in being of a coarser texture, 
darker color, thinner bedded, not translucent, older, and in 
having a much more complex structure. 

The Polk Creek shale. The Polk Creek shale is so 
named from Polk Creek, in Montgomery County. It over- 
lies the Bigfork chert, with which it is conformable, and 
outcrops along the bases of many of the ridges in the 
Ouachita Range. In color, hardness, and texture, this shale 
is much like the Ouachita shale. It resembles that also in 
containing a large number of quartz veins, and locally in 
having slaty cleavage well developed. In this, as in the 
Ouachita shale, graptolites abound. It differs from that 
shale in containing no sandy or calcareous layers, and in 
being only about 100 feet thick. In places it appears to be 
absent. 

The Blaylock sandstone. This formation is named 
from Blaylock Mountain, on the Little Missouri River, in 
Montgomery County. The formation is well exposed at 
the eastern end of the mountain where the Little Missouri 
River cuts across the exposed edges. Like the other forma- 
tions described, it is extremely crumpled. The repetition of 
beds resulting from the crumpling renders its thickness diffi- 
cult to determine, but this is thought to be about 1500 feet in 
the thickest part. Apparently it is conformable with the Polk 
Creek shale beneath. In parts, through a hundred feet or 
more, it consists almost wholly of sandstone, while in other 
*i89o, Vol. III. 



Slates of Arkansas 37 

parts it is made up of alternating beds of sandstone and 
shale. The sandstone is in layers that usually are from one 
to six inches thick, and the bedding is very even. Some of 
the layers are quite quartzitic, and contain numerous thin 
quartz veins. Others of the thin layers closely resemble 
chert. It is fine-grained to medium-grained, and varies 
from dove-colored to dark-gray or green. Graptolites occur 
in it rather sparingly. The interbedded shale is dark col- 
ored, often black, and fissile. In places, it contains large 
numbers of graptolites. 

The exact stratigraphic relations of this formation are 
not at present understood. The only area in which it has 
been carefully studied is in the southern part of Mortgom- 
ery and Polk counties, where it outcrops over an east-west 
belt about three miles wide, and from which it thins north- 
ward until it is only a few inches to a few feet thick 
where it outcrops on the north slope of Caddo Mountain. 
That the formation is absent north of Caddo Moun- 
tain is known, for the horizon at which it occurs is 
widely exposed. Whether the sudden appearance and 
rapid thickening as we pass southward, is due 
to its having been put down in a trough, or to an ero- 
sion interval during which that part to the north was re- 
moved, will require further field work to determine; but its 
much contorted condition, and its relations to the overlying 
formation, later to be described, impress one with the strong 
conviction that it probably is due to an erosion interval, 

ROCKS OF UNKNOWN AGE. 

Under this head are three formations, which are here 
called the Missouri Mountain slate, the Arkansas novacu- 
lite, and the Fork Mountain slate. The reasons for consider- 
ing the age of these rocks unknown are given on p. 45. 

The Missouri Mountain slate. This formation is 
named from Missouri Mountain, in Polk and Montgomery 
counties, in which it is well developed. It is widespread 



38 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

and, where the Blaylock sandstone is present, rests upon 
that formation; where that is absent, it rests upon the Polk 
Creek shale, at all points where contacts were obseived. 
While it partakes of the large and comparatively gentle 
folds of the area, it appears not to enter into the minute 
crumpling of the Blaylock sandstone and lower forma- 
tions, but on the contrary to rest upon their upturned and 
what seems to be eroded edges. Whether it does or not, 
has thus far eluded all efforts to determine, on account of 
the great amount of debris nearly always present on the 
slopes where the contact between the two formations would 
otherwise be exposed. 

This formation varies from 50 feet and less to 300 
feet in thickness the thinnest part being, so far as observed, 
along the southern border of the Ouachita Range. The 
formation is a clay slate. A few feet of the basal portion 
usually is green. Locally, this lower portion is somewhat 
sandy and such parts contain small crystals of iron sulphide. 
The remainder, above the basal portion, varies from a blood 
red to a dark red, containing patches and streaks of green. 
The green at the base may be the original color, but that 
above is secondary. On either side of joints that have been 
followed by water, the color is green, passing through pur- 
ple into the red of the mass, the effect, on exposed surfaces, 
being that of a ribbon-like streak an inch or two wide. The 
red color, which is that of much the larger portion of this 
slate, is due to a high state of oxidation of the iron that is 
uniformly distributed through it; the green color to the 
reduction of the iron to a lower oxide by the ground-water, 
as it moves through the joints; the purple, which gradually 
passes into the green on one side and the red on the other, 
is produced by only a partial reduction of the iron oxide. 
Where the slate is much fractured, and the ground-water 
has had free access, considerable masses have been altered 



Slates of Arkansas 39 

from red to green. Small, circular spots of green are quite 
common in portions that are not otherwise altered. 

The Arkansas novaciilitc. The Arkansas novaculite 
is the principal formation of the Ouachita Range. This is 
the rock of the region that is constantly before the eye, 
and which, on account of its ability to withstand the weath- 
ering agents, forms the crests of the mountains. Owing to 
an unconformity at the top, its thickness is quite variable, 
but the maximum observed is about 800 feet. The char- 
acter of the formation varies from the base to the top, as 
well as in different parts of the same horizon. In a general 
way, it may be described as consisting of a lower, heavy- 
bedded, silicious part that is wholly novaculite, and an up- 
per, thin-bedded part of the same material, interpolated 
with thin layers of black, soft shale. In places, there is an 
intervening portion containing sandstone. 

The lower portion is about 300 feet thick and consists 
of m.assive beds from two to ten feet thick, with large ripple- 
marks showing along the bedding planes. This part of the 
formation furnishes the abrasives that are known in tha 
markets as the Ouachita and Arkansas stone. It is a very 
close-textured rock, the grains being of microscopic size. 
The common color is a very light-gray, but bluish tints, 
and pink, black, and dove-colored spots are quite common 
in the lower 50 to 75 feet. The fracture is uneven to con- 
choidal, and it is very brittle. In lustre it is often waxy, 
and thin edges frequently are translucent. The bedding is 
quite irregular, small lenses between the beds being very 
common. It is profoundly jointed, the joints running in 
all directions, but the most prominent are perpendicular to 
the bedding. In many places it is so thoroughly broken up 
by the joints that it could be quarried with a pick. 

The upper portion, in those parts where it is all pres- 
ent, is much thicker than the lower. It consists of layers 
of novaculite the most common thickness of which is from 



40 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

one to six inches, interpolated by layers of shale that is 
very black and soft when unaltered. When weathered, this 
shale is brown to green in color, producing a banded effect. 
The novacuilte layers usually are dark to black, but litholog- 
ically are not otherwise very different from the massive 
novaculite beds of the lower part of the formation. This 
part of the formation is frequently and sometimes wholly 
removed, as a result of an unconformity between it and the 
Carboniferous rocks that rest upon it. 

The Fork Mountain slate. The Fork ^Mountain slate, 
when present, lies at the top of the Arkansas novaculite, and 
is about 125 feet thick. On account of the unconformity 
above mentioned, it is only locally present, having in many 
places been removed by erosion. It is present on Fork 
Mountain, in the eastern part of Polk County, from which 
it is named. Also, it is known to occur on the south slopes 
of Missouri and Caddo mountains, along the creek in Sec- 
tions 25, 26. and 27, 4 S., 28 W., and in Garland County 
in or near Sec. 24, 2 S., 21 W. 

This formation consists of gray to greenish and choc- 
olate colored slates, containing thin layers of quartzite in 
the lower part. It is much jointed, but withstands weather- 
ing and usually forms a bluff where it outcrops on the moun- 
tain side. The talus material from this slate occurs in long, 
prismatic blocks, produced by the intersection of numerous 
strike and dip joints. 

CARBONIFEROUS 

The Stanley shale. The Fork IMountain slate is over- 
lain by the Stanley shale, which is of Carboniferous age, 
and probably is the only formation of that age within the 
Ouachita Range. It was named by Mr. J. A. Taff, of the 
U. S. Geological Survey, from the town of Stanley in 
Oklahoma, where it occurs and has been studied bv that 



Plate IV. 




Character of roclH 



Greenish clay shale, locally black date 
near the base, and greenisb qoartzitic 
Minds tone. 



Gray slate with thin beds of siliceous material. 



HassiTc white and variegated novaculite 
with alternating flint and shale layers 
in the upper half. 



Mainly red slate with ^een slate in the 
basal portion. 



Ureenish quartzitic sandstone alternating 
with brownish black shale layers. 



0(?)-100 



Black fissile and sandy graptolitic shale, 



Gray to black chert interstratified with' 
black shale layers at the top. 



Black graphitic shale, with slaty cleavage, 
containing sandstone and limestone layers 
near the base and patches of blue limestone 
locally conglomeratic near the top. 



Sandstone interstratified with black shale. 
Uassive, white, coarse-grained sandstcn? 



Black, tnphltie cUy ihal*, contalolni bhi; %»ia)o>n- 



eialic IiniMtoD« mu Uu lop 



Columnar Section of the Ouachita Area. 



Slates of Arkansas 41 

writer. This formation rests unconformably upon the 
Fork ^Mountain slate and the Arkansas novacuHte. At 
its base there frequently is to be found a conglom- 
erate composed of small rounded to subangular pebbles 
of novaculite. A small per cent, of these pebbles is from 
light colored Arkansas novaculite, but most of them are 
dark and have been derived from the upper portion of that 
formation. 

The total thickness of the Stanley shale is about 6000 
feet, but so far as known, it is not all represented in the 
slate area of the State. The full thickness of the formation 
appears, however, immediately south of the Ouachita Range, 
in Pike, Hempstead, Howard and Sevier counties. Within 
the slate area, it occurs in many of the synclinal valleys, 
such as the one between Missouri and Statehouse moun- 
tams, the one south of Statehouse and Caddo mountains, 
and those traversed by Long and Brier Creeks, all in Mont- 
gomery County. 

The formation is composed mainly of shale, though the 
lower part contains a large percentage of sandstone and beds 
of sandstone occur at intervals throughout the section. Thin 
beds of dark chert also occur. The shale is carbonaceous, 
clay shale, and in places within the Ouachita Range is suf- 
ficiently indurated to form slate. Fragments of fossil wood 
are common in it. The sandstone is fine-grained, usually 
of green color, contains fragments of fossil wood, is fre- 
quently permeated by quartz veins, and is rather soft. It 
usually weathers down on a level with the shale and does 
not form ridges. 

STRUCTURE OE THE OUACHITA RANGE. 

Folding. Attention has been directed (p. 29) to the 
fact that most of the rocks of the slate area are of sedimen- 
tary origin, and for our present purpose they may all be 
so considered. That is to say, these rocks were put down in 



42 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

the bed of a former sea, and near its borders, as clay, mud, 
etc., in a practically horizontal position. Later, through the 
powerful dynamic forces within the earth, the area was 
gradually lifted from beneath the sea. These forces acted 
in such a way as to involve a shortening of this portion of 
the earth's circumference, north and south. The rocks, 
which in the meantime had been formed from the harden- 
ing of the clay, sand, etc., in order to adjust themselves to 
the circumferential contraction, were thrown into east-west 
folds. 

Within the Ouachita Mountain System there was pro- 
duced one master anticline, or upward fold, known as the 
Ouachita Anticline*. The highest part of this Anticline 
lies between Black Springs in Montgomery County, and the 
Ouachita River in Garland County, passing north of the 
town of Crystal Springs. While in the vicinity of Black 
Springs this anticline pitches to the west, it remains a 
marked feature of the structure to the longitude of Mena, 
near the west border of the State. Upon the north and 
south slopes of this anticline are numerous small anticlines 
and synclines (downward folds), the whole structure form- 
ing a compound arch or anticlinorium. An idea of the 
structure of the south slope can be had from Plate III. 

The minor anticlines and synclines are comparatively 
narrow. So intense were the dynamic forces (which ap- 
pear to have been exerted from the south) that these folds, 
which at first were open, came at last to be very closely 
compressed, so that the rocks nearly all stand at a high 
angle, and many of them are practically on edge. Indeed 
it is the rule of the region, that the rock layers, not only 
have been lifted from the horizontal to the vertical posi- 
tion, involving a movement through an arc of 90 degrees, 
but have been shoved over beyond the vertical position, or in 
terms of geological language, have been overturned. This 



*Geol. Surv. of Ark., Vol. III., 1890, 273 et seq. 



Slates of Arkansas 43 

may be plainly seen by reference to the geological sections, 
Plate III. The overturning and compression are so 
complete that the rock layers on either side of the axes 
of the folds, whether they be anticlines or synclines, 
usually are parallel, forming what is known to 
geologists as isoclines. This repetition of the rock 
layers is very confusing to one not familiar with the 
structure of the area, but must be taken into account by all 
who intelligently prospect the region for economic geologic 
products of whatever nature. 

The detailed structure of the area has not yet been 
studied widely enough to state what the rule is relating to 
the direction of the overturning, but in Montgomery County 
it is both to the north and to the south. There is in this 
county, a comparatively broad syncline south of Statehouse 
and Caddo mountains, and north of Sugartree, Fancy Hill, 
Bearden, Tweedle, and Reynolds mountains. South of this 
syncline, nearly all the overturns are to the north, and north 
of it, they are to the south. That is to say, the axial planes 
of the overturns on either side of the syncline dip away 
from it. 

An idea of the intensity of the folding in the region 
may be secured from Fig. 2. The nature of these folds by 



Fig. 2. North-south section through Missouri and Statehouse moun- 
tains, ' one mile east of Slatington. 
a. Bigfork chert, b. Polk Creek shale, c. Missouri Mountain slate, 
d. Arkansas novaculite. e. Stanley shale. 

no means remains constant along their axes, but changes 
within short distances, so that two cross sections only a mile 
apart would in many cases be very different. In other 
words, within short distances the dip of the rock may change 
greatly. A single anticline may break up into two, a sym- 
metrical anticline may pass into an overturn, or an anti- 



44 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

cline or syncline may rai)iclly pitch or plunge. It is a com- 
mon feature of the structure for two anticlines to overlap 
each other laterally, plunging in opposite directions. This 
common structural feature aided by erosion and the resis- 
tant hard beds, produces the zigzag topography so common 
in the eastern part of the slate area. The origin of this 
topography will be understood by reference to Fig. 3. 




Fig- 3- Diagram showing the origin of zigzag topography by the ero- 
sion of overlapping, plunging anticlines and synclines. 

Faulting. As would be expected, the rocks of the re- 
gion could not everywhere, by folding, adjust themselves to 
the great dynamic force exerted upon them, so that faulting 
is quite common. The direction of the faults is in the main 
east and west, or parallel with the ridges, and so far as ob- 
served, they all are thrust faults with the exception of one 
small normal fault which is in the southwest quarter of 
Sec. 31, 3 S., 27 W. In some cases, the throw is several 
hundred feet. An idea of the nature and extent of these 
faults may be had from Plate III. These faults have not 
been worked out in detail over the entire slate area, but 
among them are several which occur in a general line of 
faulting extending from the valley of Long Creek, south of 
McKinley Mountain, in Polk County, south of eastward, 
passing south of Fancy Hill and on eastward along the 
south side of the vallev in which the South Fork of the 



Slates of Arkansas 45 

Caddo is located, apparently terminating near the main 
branch of Caddo Creek. In Polk County and the western 
part of Montgomery County this is a single fault, but in 
the eastern part of Range 27, it breaks up into three, and 
along the line of Bearden, Tweedle, and Reynolds moun- 
tains, there are two parallel faults. 

GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE SLATE REGION. 

Age of the Rocks. As already has been stated (p. 30) 
the age of the Collier shale, the oldest of the exposed rocks 
of the slate area, is not yet determined. It may be of Or- 
dovician age, and it may be older. The Crystal Mountain 
sandstone, Ouachita shale, Stringtown shale, Bigfork chert, 
Polk Creek shale and Blaylock sandstone are of Ordovician 
age (see table p. 30). The age of these has been definitely 
determined by the fossil graptolites that occur in them. A 
former publication of the Geological Survey of Arkansas*, 
in which light was first thrown on the age of these rocks, 
classed as Ordovician, all the rocks of the area below those 
of Carboniferous age. From recent work it appears that 
the age of the Missouri Mountain slate, the Arkansas novac- 
ulite, and the Fork Mountain slate can not yet be deter- 
mind, for no fossils have been found in themf by recent 
workers in the area. They may be of Ordovician age, they 
may be Silurian, and they may be Carboniferous. Their 
Hthologic character is so very different from the nearest 
rocks of Devonian age, (coarse-grained sandstones and 
black shales) which occur in northern Arkansas, that the 
possibility of their being of that age is scarcely entertained. 
On the other hand, their silicious character might easily 



*Vol. III.. 1890. 

tProfessor L- S. Griswold, in the Report of the Geological Survey 
of Arkansas, 1890, Vol. III., pp. 404-407, names several localities in 
which graptolites were supposedly obtained from above the novaculites. 
Several of these localities were visited by Mr. H. D. Miser, who 
reports that in each case the graptolites occur above the Bigfork chert, 
instead of above the novaculite. 



46 GeoIvOCicai. Survey of Arkansas 

permit them to be considered contemporaneous with cither 
the Ordovician limestones of the Ozark region, which con- 
tain a great deal of chert, or with the Boone formation 
(Mississii)pian) of that region, which is largely and in parts 
entirely chert. The representative of the Silurian in north- 
ern Arkansas is the St. Clair limestone which contains no 
chert. 

Unconformity at the base of the Crystal Mountain 
sandstone. While the observed evidence of an unconfor- 
mity between the Crystal Mountain sandstone and the Col- 
lier shale is not conclusive, it indicates the probability of 
such. This is found in the uneven thickness of the lime- 
stone at this horizon, and the conglomeratic nature of this 
limestone described on p. 

Unconformity at the base of the Stringtoum shale. 
The unconformity between the Stringtown shale and the 
Ouachita shale was determined in the field from the lith- 
ologic difference in the two formations, the sporadic occur- 
rence of the limestone at this horizon, and the local con- 
glomeratic nature of the limestone. Subsequently, from 
paleontologic evidence, >\Ir. E. O. Ulrich of the U. S. Geol- 
ogical Survey, in a letter to the writer, confirms the field ob- 
servations. 

Unconformity at the base of the Missouri Mountain 
state. As already has been stated, there is strong evidence 
of an unconformity at the top of the Blaylock sandstone, 
though such has not yet been actually observed. The evi- 
dence referred to is a structural one though the occurrence 
of conglomerate at this horizon is corroberative. While all 
the rocks of the entire region are much folded, those below 
the Missouri Mountain slate have suffered more intense 
folding than that formation and those above. The Blay- 
lock sandstone and Bigfork chert are folded and crumpled 
almost to the extent of rendering the determination of their 
exact structure impossible, while the folds of the rocks 



Slates of Arkansas 47 

above are comparatively simple. This indicates that the 
older rocks were intensely folded, the area eroded and the 
younger ones were put down upon their upturned edges. 
The great amount of debris on the slopes renders the se- 
curing of contacts, which is necessary to settle the question, 
a difficult matter. 

The other possible explanation of the structure is that 
the beds so intensely crumpled were less competent to with- 
stand the pressure than those above. But while the Arkan- 
sas novacuilte is a competent bed it would appear that the 
Missouri Mountain slate would be much less competent than 
the Blaylock sandstone, and so far as has been observed the 
former does not partake of the intricate folding of the lat- 
ter. Besides, the great amount of buckling these beds have 
suffered, reduced their length and increased their thick- 
ness. How such could have taken place beneath the enor- 
mous superincumbent weight of almost 20,000 feet of rock, 
is scarcely conceivable. 

Unconformity at the base of the Stanley shale. 
Whatever may be the age of the Arkansas novaculite, there 
was, subsequent to its deposition, an elevation of the region 
by which it was lifted above sea-level and became a land 
area. During the time it was land, the area suffered greatly 
by stream erosion, by which process valleys were formed 
over the surface, some of which were several hundred feet 
deep. This is plainly to be seen in the numerous cases of 
local and sudden thinning and thickening of the novaculite, 
which was the surface rock at the time and which suffered 
but little or no folding in the elevation. Such unconformi- 
ties may be seen in the overturned anticlines of Missouri 
Mountain, in the western part of Sec. 3, 4 S., 27 W., and 
in Round Mountain, Sec. 8, of the same township and 
range; numerous other places where the unconformity is 
less pronounced might be cited. 



48 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

This period of erosion was followed by one of sub- 
sidence, which brought the area beneath the sea. again re- 
turning the conditions for deposition. This was during 
Car])()nifcTous times and the rocks then deposited are of 
Carboniferous age*. This period of deposition was a long- 
one, for during the time about 18.600 feet of rocks con- 
sisting of sandstone and shale were put down. These rocks 
are now exposed, and one passes over their truncated edges 
in traveling either northward or southward in the northern 
part of Pike, Howard, and Sevier counties, over a part of 
which area they have been carefully studied and mapped, 
for p;il)lication by the U. S. Geological Survey. The names! 
of these formations are given below, with their thickness 
in Arkansas. 

Atoka sandstone 6,000 feet 

Jackfork sandstone 6,600 feet 

Stanley shale 6,000 feet 

Total 18.600 feet 

Oscillations and geographic changes of the area. 
An unconformity is produced when a land area subsides 
beneath the sea. and has new deposits put down upon it. In 
.such a case the fc^rmer land surface, slightly modified by 
the action of the waves of the advancing shore-line, sepa- 
rates the older rocks beneath from the newer ones above, 
and becomes a surface of unconformity. Such a surface is 
always more or less uneven, due chiefly to the work of 
streams in cutting out valleys while the area was land. An 
established unconformity, then, is conclusive evidence of 
crustal oscillation. The above mentioned established un- 



♦According to a vcrbnl statement from Mr. E. O. Ulrich, of the 
U. S. Geological Survey, he considers these rocks as of Pennsyivanian, 
or Upper Carboniferous age. 

tThese names were first used by Mr. J. A. TaflF, of the U. S. 
Geological Survey, in Oklahoma, into which state the formations extend. 



Slates of Arkansas 49 

conformities mean that after the Ouachita shale was put 
down in the sea, the area was elevated into land, suffered 
erosion, and was again depressed beneath the sea. The 
same processes were repeated after the deposition of the 
Fork Mountain slate. The probable unconformities at the 
base of the Crystal Mountain sandstone and the Missouri 
Mountain slate, indicate two other probable periods of ele- 
vation, erosion and depression. The extent of the area in- 
volved in these crustal movements is not yet known. 

After the subsidence that brought in the Carbonifer- 
ous sea, the area seems to have remained under water most 
of the time that the 18,600 feet of Carboniferous rocks were 
being put down. At or near the close of Carboniferous 
times the area again became land. It was during this eleva- 
tion that an intense folding of the region took place*. 
Subsequent oscillations occurred during Cretaceous and 
Tertiary times, causing the sea to advance and recede, but 
the full extent of these is not known. Certain it is that dur- 
ing Cretaceous times the sea advanced well toward the pres- 
ent south base of the Ouachita Mountains, and it may have 
entirely covered that area. 

Post-Carboniferous erosion. After the deposition of 
the Carboniferous rocks, the region was again lifted above 
sea-level, the movement being accompanied by the forma- 
tion of a large anticline, whose axis is along the Crystal 
Mountains, with small folds forming anticlines and syn- 
clines on each slope, as already described on p. 42. Nq 
sooner was the region again lifted above sea-level than the 
erosive agencies again began their work of degradation, 
which may have continued unbroken up to the present time. 
In this work, all the Carboniferous rocks have been re- 
moved over the Ouachita Range, except in the lowest parts 
of some of the deepest synclinal folds. In addition to this. 



*The indications are that tiiere was a previous period of intense 
folding, that took place at the close of the deposition of the Blaylock 
sandstone. 



50 



Geological Survey of Arkansas 



a great deal of those formations 
below the Carboniferous rocks 
have been removed. 

As has already been stated, the 
thickness of the Carboniferous 
rocks is about 18,600 feet. The 
amount eroded from the subja- 
cent rocks is in places more than 
1,600 feet, making a total ero- 
sion of over 19,600 feet or al- 
most 3.7 miles. The altitude of 
the highest mountains at present 
somewhat exceeds 2.000 feet. 
So that the height of the moun- 
tains of the area, had no erosion 
taken place, would exceed 21,000 
feet. However, it must not be 
understood that the mountains 
of the region ever reached so 
great a height, for the rate of 
elevation, like all great geolog- 
ical processes, was extremely 
slow, and erosion was constantly 
going on from the time the area 
emerged from the sea. 

While these mountains prol)- 
ably have st(W(l several hundred 
feet above their present altitude. 
it is not necessary to suppose 
they ever reached magnificent 
heights. 'The Carboniferous 
rocks that overlay the area con- 
sisted of sliales and sandstone. 
The former are always easily 
eroded, and under favorable con- 
ditions are rapidly removed. It 
happens that in this case, the 
sandstone was also of such a na- 
ture as to be easily eroded, so 
that the denuding processes over 
the area probably were from the 
lirst comparativelv rapid. 



/ 



■z o 



'• ii h 



,m 



o 



Slates of Arkansas 51 

The Stanley shale, the lowermost of the Carboniferous 
formations is about 6,000 feet thick, and immediately over- 
lies the hard, silicious Arkansas novaculite. When this 
shale was eroded down to the hard novaculite, the latter, 
because of its ability to withstand weathering and erosion 
and because of its folded structure, formed ridges parallel 
with the folds. In parts this formation has been wholly 
removed, in which case ridges have been formed by other 
hard rocks, either the Bigfork chert or the Crystal Moun- 
tain sandstone, lower down in the section. The ridges thus 
formed are of different types, some of which are anticlinal, 
some synclinal, and some monoclinal. The zigzag topo- 
graphy, so common in the eastern half of the area, as al- 
ready explained, is caused by the erosion of numerous plung- 
ing anticlines and synclines overlapping each other later- 
ally. 

Drainage. The main stream of the area is the Ouach- 
ita River, which rises near the western border of the 
State and flows eastward to the western part of Garland 
County, a distance of more than 70 miles, where it turns 
southeastward. Along its course, it receives Board Camp 
Creek, Big Fork Creek, South Fork of the Ouachita, Big 
Mazarn Creek, Little Mazarn Creek, and others of smaller 
size, from the Ouachita Range. 

Heading within the Ouachita Range, and flowing in 
the main southward, are five very interesting streams, 
which, named in the order from the west are : Rolling Fork, 
Cossatot River, Saline River, Little Missouri River, and 
Caddo Creek. The peculiar interest of these streams, es- 
pecially the first four, lies in the fact that they take a 
course transverse to that of the ridges, cutting through 
them and forming numerous water-gaps. These water-gaps 
are always narrow, and constitute one of the important 
topographic features of the area. The water passes through 



^2 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

them as cataracts and falls, some of which possess water 
power that must in time he utihzed. 

W'liy it is that these streams should have assumed a 
direction across ridges of hard rock, when in many cases it 
appears they could more easily have taken courses around 
the ridges, is a physiographic question that has not yet 
been satisfactorily answered. Professor L. S. Griswold is 
of the opinion that they are of the type known to geolo- 
gists as superimposed streams*. It is his belief that the 
region was base-leveled during post-Carboniferous times; 
that it subsequently subsided beneath sea-level and re- 
ceived a heavy cover of new material during Cretaceous 
times; and that it again emerged from the sea. the streams 
taking southward courses over the new deposits, which 
courses were maintained across the ridges as erosion went on 
and the beds were lowered. 



*Geol. Siirv. of .\rk., 1890, \'ol. III., pp. 215-223. 



CHAPTER IV 

DESCRIPTION OV THK ARKANSAS SLATES. 

The slates of Arkansas are confined to the Ouachita 
Range, the extent of which may be learned by reference to 
the map, Plate IL It must not be understood that the entire 
area of this range is covered with slate deposits. In part 
of the range it occupies considerable areas, in other parts 
it out-crops only in belts, usually along the mountain sides, 
while in other parts there is none. 

For reasons stated in the preface, it was possible to 
map in detail only a small area, which is located partly 
in Polk and partly in Montgornery counties. This area 
however, is typical, so that the probable location of slate 
in other areas can be anticipated after a careful study of 
this map. Especially is this true of the Missouri Mountain 
slate, which will be associated with the ridges, and the 
slate of the Stanley shale, which can be expected only in 
the synclinal valleys. 

There are five of the formations of the Ouachita 
Range that contain slate. These are the Ouachita shale, 
the Polk Creek shale, the Missouri Mountain slate, the Fork 
Mountain slate and the Stanley shale. Only the three last 
named have been prospected to any extent, and most of 
the prospecting and developing has been done in the Mis- 
souri Mountain slate. 

The Ouachita shale. The Ouachita shale is the sur- 
face rock about Black Springs and elsewhere in the Caddo 
Basin, Montgomery County. Its area over the Ouachita 
Range is not known, but it is greater than the area of all 
the other slate formations combined. As its name implies, 
it is mainly a shale, there being usually no indication of 



54 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

slaty cleavag-e; but in places slaty cleavage is well devel- 
oped, and in such parts is conspicuous in the stream beds, 
by the road side, and in other places where the formation 
is exposed. The cleavage usually is at a high angle to the 
bedding and as it appears to be best developed in those 
parts of the formation where the layers are of different 
color, "ribbons" are very common in it. These consist of 
alternating green and blue bands from one-fourth to two 
inches thick, and are due to the original differences in the 
color of the shale from which the slate was formed. In 
places this slate is sufficiently indurated for roofing slate, 
but usually it is too soft to long withstand the weathering 
agencies. Also, it is in all places where observed so closely 
jomted as to prevent the quarrying of blocks of commer- 
cial size. Besides, its banded or "ribbon" structure would 
prevent its being desirable commercial slate, even though 
it possessed all the other requisite qualities. • 

The Polk Creek shale. The Polk Creek shale is only 
about 100 feet thick, and this, with the folded nature of 
the region, causes it to outcrop as narrow belts, which 
usually are found along the bases of the mountains. This, 
like the formation above described, is commonly a shale, 
though locally slaty cleavage is well developed in it. In 
places this slate is banded, but in others it is of a uniform 
black color, hard, possessing a high metallic ring and con- 
taining large numbers of graptolite fossils. Jointing is 
very common in this, in both the shale and the slate. On 
account of the comparatively small amount of this forma- 
tion in which slaty cleavage is well developed, and the fre- 
quency of the joints, it does not give much promise as a 
producer of commercial slate, though there may be parts 
from which such could be secured. 

The Missouri Mountain slate. This is the formation 
in .Arkansas that has been most prospected for slate. 
While it does not enter into the minor folding of the re- 



Slates of Arkansas 



55 



gion, as does the Polk Creek shale, it, like the formations 
above, partakes of the principal folding. It is widespread 
over the area, and often outcrops near the mountain bases, 
though it may be found high up on the slopes, or even in 
notches of the crests of the ridges. A study of the map. 




Fig. 5. North-south section through Fork Mt., 3 S, 28 W., showing the 
folded nature of the Missouri Mt. slate. 

a. Bigfork chert, b. Polk Creek shale, c. Missouri Mountain slate. 
d. Arkansas novaculite. e. Stanley shale. 

Plate III, will show the distribution of this slate in parts 
of Polk and Montgomery counties, which is typical of the 
entire region. 

This slate has been rather extensively prospected all 
the way from Board Camp Creek in Polk County east- 
ward to the Ouachita River, in Garland County. The point 
at which it has been most extensively worked is Slatington, 
Montgomery County, though there are other prospects in 
it of considerable magnitude. The wide extent to which it 
has been prospected is due, not only to the promise it has 
given as a source of commercial slate but to the favorable 
location and nature of its outcrops, which usually are in 
bluffs, and well up on the mountain slopes. As the slate 
is exposed in the face of the bluff's, there is no labor and 
expense of removing surface material, imposed upon the 
prospector, and the height of the outcrop on the slope per- 
mits all waste material to be easily dumped. It varies in 
thickness from a maximum of about 300 feet to a minimum 
of 50 feet or less. The thickest portion is along the central 
line of the Ouachita Range, from which it thins out south- 



56 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

ward, and probably nf)rtli\vard. In the cluselv compressed 
anticlines it sometimes is folded over up(jn itself, when its 
thickness appears to be double what it actually is. Such is 
the case in that part of Caddo Mountain that lies south of 
Wagner Creek, in Sec. 15. 4 S.. 26 VV., where the slate is 
exposed over a distance of 600 feet, lying between heavy 
walls of the Arkansas novaculite. 

That this formation produces both red and green 
slate has already been mentioned on page 3N. Though 
both kinds may and often do occur in the same quarry, 
the red is predominant. It is a clay slate of remarkable 
homogeneity, sandy or other impure layers being absent. 
In Color it varies from a scarlet to a dark red. but that of 
any particular quarry is likely t(^ be uniform. In exposed 
surfaces it presents a rich, usually pleasing appearance. 
On account of its homogeneous nature, no traces of the 
original bedding are to be seen. This, together with its 
great thickness, makes it impracticable in most cases to 
determine the direction of the cleavage with reference to 
the bedding planes. In some cases where it is near the 
overlying Arkansas novaculite. it is plainly parallel with 
the bedding, in others oblique. As it has in nearly all 
cases suffered rather intense folding, it is probable that in 
most cases the cleavage is oblique to the bedding. 

In most parts this slate is intersected by numerous 
joints that run in all directions, but if favorable places are 
selected, these are not so common as to prevent the quar- 
rying of large blocks. The slate cleaves with fairly even 
surfaces and can readily be split into sheets a quarter of an 
inch thick and le.ss. Some parts of it have a semi-metallic 
ring, but most of it produces a dull sound when struck. In 
many places, the intense folding of the region has produced 
short, wave-like wrinkles in the slate, which quarrymen 
call '"curl" and which are avoided in prospecting. .\ny 
quarry showing a considerable amount of this had as well 



Plate V. 




_'. One of the South Quarries. 

SOUTHWESTEKN SlATE Co., SlATINGTON. 



Slates of Arkansas 57 

be abandoned. In other parts two sets of cleavage planes 
are locally developed. These may be detected by the split- 
ting up of the slate on exposed surfaces into small prisms 
after the manner of shoe-pegs. Such exposures as this 
should be avoided by the prospector. 

It is seldom that sheets of any considerable size are 
found on the slopes, from which it appears that this slate 
weathers quite readily. If this inference is correct, it could 
not be used for roofing purposes. It is hoped, however, 
that this statement will not deter any one from experiment- 
ing with it by putting it into actual use, as this alone can 
determine its fitness for such purposes. In the only in- 
stance that has come to the writer's attention, where 
shingles of this slate were used for roofing purposes, they 
went to pieces after a few years' service. But the result 
of this one trial should not be taken as final, for slate from 
another quarry might last for many years. The best way 
to test it is for the people of the slate area to use it on small 
and temporary outbuildings. Sucli a test should be made 
of the slate of every quarry that will produce shingles; for 
the beautiful color of this slate, if it be discovered with 
lasting qualities, would at once put it in great demand, espe- 
cially for buildings with gray walls or gray trimmings. 

It will be remembered that at the present time slate 
is in demand for inside work, such as laundry tubs, wain- 
scoting, lavatories, switchboards, floor-tile, etc. This slate 
is too soft for the last purpose named, but is well adapted 
for all the other purposes, and especially for switchboards, 
for which practically all the product from the quarries at 
Slatington has been used. Several samples of this slate 
were submitted to Professor W. N. Gladsoil, of the depart- 
ment of Electrical Engineering of the University of Ar- 
kansas, who tested its conductivity, the result of which is 
published elsewhere in this report. 

Because of its softness and homosreneitv. this is alto- 



58 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

gether a desirable slate to work. It splits, saws and planes 
easily, and soon takes a polish on the rubbing-bed. But in 
the process of drying, after having been taken from the 
rubbing-bed, it is liable to check, and the amount thus lost 
greatly reduces the profit of working it. This checking is 
sometimes at right angles to the cleavage and sometimes 
parallel with it. That is to say, the worked pieces may 
crack either perpendicular to their faces, or they may split 
apart. If some method of working can be devised that will 
avoid this checking, the slate industry of the state will be- 
come an important and paying one. 

The Fork Mountain slate. This slate lies normally 
above the Arkansas novaculite, but, due to overturning, it 
frequently occurs beneath that formation on the mountain 
slopes. If, on one side of a valley or a ridge it occurs 
above the novaculite, on the opposite side it most likely will 
occur below. On account of an unconformity at its top the 
formation is not everywhere present, and for the same rea- 
son it varies greatly in thickness at the different places 
where it is known to occur. Its maximum thickness has not 
yet been ascertained, but in Sec. 5, 4 S., 27 W,, where it 
outcrops well upon the mountain slope, it is known to ex- 
ceed 100 feet. When the formation dips into the moun- 
tain it can easily be detected, for it then forms bluffs, but 
if it dips with the mountain slope it may be overlooked. 

This is a hard slate, usually gray in color, though 
portions of it on weathered surfaces are green or choco- 
late. Thin, sandy or quartzitic layers are quite frequent. 
The cleavage usually is well developed and occurs at all 
angles to the bedding planes. ''Ribbons" not infrequently 
occur. It has great strength and toughness and is highly 
sonorous. In most places jointing is so frequent as to 
render the slate worthless, but it must not yet be concluded 
that exploiting will find it universally so. Prospectors 
should not neglect this slate. While it certainly never 



Slates of Arkansas 59 

would do for milling- purposes, if found sufficiently free 
from joints and sandy seams, it would make shingles of 
exceptional quality. 

The Stanley shale. This formation, as the name im- 
plies, is almost everywhere a shale, no slaty cleavage having 
been developed in it. But in some parts of the closely folded 
synclines of the Ouachita Range, it is altered into true 
slate. This slate has been rather extensively prospected 
near Slatington, and at several places in the southeastern 
part of Polk County. It is blue to black in color, and where 
the cleavage is best developed this is remarkably fine, per- 
mitting the slate to split into very thin sheets with smooth, 
beautiful surfaces. With the exception of the quarry near 
Slatington, and one east of Bear, belonging to the Ozark 
Slate Company, none of any size has been opened in this 
formation. Nor has any of it, so far as is known to the 
writer, been used for roofing purposes. From the general 
observations in the field, it appears that this formation 
does not give much promise of producing commercial slate. 
Though the formation is a thick one, only a small portion 
of it had been altered to slate, and this, where observed, is 
not sufficiently indurated to last long on a roof. 

TESTS OE ARKANSAS SLATE. 

Electrical tests. Six pieces of red slate from Slating- 
ton, Arkansas, were submitted to W. N, Gladson, Professor 
of Electrical Engineering in the University of Arkansas, 
who reported the following electrical tests : 

Prof. A. H. Purdue, University of Arkansas. 

Dear Sir : I respectfully submit the following report 
of a test of the electrical resistance of six pieces of red slate 
from Slatington, Ark. 

These pieces of slate were tested in comparison with 
three pieces of gray slate taken at random from old switch 
bases in the University electrical laboratory. A piece one 



6o Geological Survey of Arkansas 

centimeter cube was cut from each sample and these num- 
bered consecutively from i to 9 inclusive. Nos. i, 3, and 
4 being- gray slate. In preparing the cubes, metallic parti- 
cles were found in samples 4 and 6, while Nos. 5 and 6 
were so easily split that it was difficult to obtain a centi- 
meter cube. 

The pieces of Slatington slate as received were smooth 
blocks 4 X 5 X ^ inches, unvarnished or in any way 
filled. They are of red or reddish-brown color, much softer 
than the gray slate and split much more readily. All sam- 
ples tested were dry and appeared to be seasoned. The 
method of measuring the resistance of these centimeter 
cubes was as follows : 

A block of paraffin wax was attached to the center 
of a glass plate, which in turn was thoroughly insulated 
from the table by glass strips piled across each other. In 
the top of the paraffin block an opening was cut one centi- 
meter square and about 3 mm. deep. In the bottom of the 
cavity thus formed four copper supports were embedded so 
that their top surfaces were in the same plane about i mm. 
below the top of the paraffin cup. A drop of mercury com- 
ing about flush with copper supports in this cavity formed 
one terminal for making electrical connection to the slate 
cube. Contact with the opposite face was made by placing 
a well amalgamated zinc plate i cm. square, on top of the 
cube. This arrangement insured equal contact with each 
slate cube under test. 

The galvanometer used was of the D'Arsonval type 
and had a working constant of 70,533 millimeters on a 
scale one meter distant through one megohm resistance. 
The electro-motive force was furnished by storage cells and 
kept constant at 42 volts during the experiment. 



Slates of Arkansas 



6i 



The connections were made as shown in Figf. 6. 



<iecAe.- 



J^ 




^I'M'I'I'M'r 

Fig. 6. Showing connections made in testing slate. 

To avoid leakage over the surface of the slate a guard 
wire was connected as shown. All readings were taken 
after the deflections became constant, which in some cases 
require a half hour after electrification. 

The results of the test are shown in the following 
table, from which we find the average resistance of all 
samples to be 1224.2 megohms per cu. cm. The average 
resistance of the three gray samples was 1180, and of the 
six red slate samples, 1267.8 megohms per cu. cm. Each 
piece tested, except No. 7, shows a different resistance be- 
tween opposite parallel faces, which seems to depend on 
the plane of cleavage. The gray slate samples show a de- 
cidedly higher resistance between faces of cube perpendic- 
ular to cleavage planes, but in individual samples the dis- 
tribution of resistance would be greatly affected by the 
presence of foreign conducting particles or seams which 
are liable to occur in all slate. 



62 



Geological Survey of Arkansas 





Galvanometer scale deflections, 


Resistance in Megohms. 




millimeters. 










Perpendicular Parallel to 








Sam- 


to cleavage cleavage 








ple 


planes 


planes 










D 


D' 


D" 


R* 


R' 


R" 


1 


39 


40 


44 


1808.5 


1763 .3 


1603 .0 


2 


98 


174 


625 


719.7 


405.3 


67.1 


3 


171 


185 


283 


414.9 


381.2 


249.2 


4 


35 


94 


43 


2015.3 


750.4 


1640.3 


5 


104 


47.7 


39.9 


678.2 


1476.3 


1767.1 


6 


338.9 


28 


88 


208.1 


2519.0 


801.5 


7 


91 


91 


48 


775.0 


775.0 


1469.4 


8 


47 


51 


27 


1500.7 


1383.0 


2612.3 


9 


45 


33 


36 


1567.4 


2137.3 


1959.2 



*R, R' and R" correspond to the directions D, D' and D" respectively. 

Average of Nos. i, 3 and 4 =1180.6 gray slate. 

Average of Nos. 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 =1267.8 red slate. 

Average of all samples =1224.2 megohms per cen cube. 

PHYSICAL TESTS. 

The following specimens were collected and submitted 
to the Structural Materials Testing Laboratories of the 
U. S. Geological Survey at Forest Park, St. Louis, for 
transverse pressure, absorption, and physical tests, and for 
chemical analyses. The results are herewith published. 
No. Owner. Location. Color. 

1 Southwestern Slate C0..E. line of N. E. Ya, S. E. 

Va, Sec. 33, 3 S., 27 W..Red 

2 Southwestern Slate Co. . E. line of N. E. H of S. E. 

Ya of Sec. 33, 3 S., 27 W. . Green 

M. J. Harrington Sec. 24, 3 S., 29 W Black 

Southwestern Slate Co..S. E. Ya, S. E. Ya, Sec. 33, 

3 S., 27 W Red 

M. J. Harrington Sec. 24, 3 S., 29 W Black 

M. W. Jones Sec 24, 3 S., 29 W Green 

M. W. Jones Sec. 24, 3 S., 29 W Green 

8 M. W. Jones Sec. 24, 3 S., 29 W Red 

9 M. W. Jones Sec. 24, 3 S., 29 W Reddish Brown 

ID M. W. Jones Sec. 24. 3 S., 29 W Red 

II C. B. Baker N. E. Ya, Sec. 18, 3 S., 

28 W ■? Buff 

13 M. W. Jones Sec. 24. 3 S., 29 W Red 



Results of Tests on Arkansas Slate^ 



Field 
Num- 
ber 



REGISTER 
NUMBER 



TRANSVERSE TESTS 



ABSORPTION TESTS 



Detninsions 



Width I Depth 
(Inches) 1 (Inches) 



(Conditions at Maximum Load 



Span. Loa"! 
(Ins ^ Center 
^'"*-' (Lbs.) 



Oeflec- Modulus , 

tion of Rupture (Constant up 
Center %/="= to nearly Man 
(Ins.) Lbs.ptrsq.ln 



Elaslidtr' '*<*£''' Da''""' Absorption Volume Ratio of Absorption 



30 
Min. 



24 
Hours 



48 
Hours 



30 
Min. 



24 
Hours 



48 
Hours 



PHYSICAL TESTS 



Specific Gravity 



True 



Appar- 
ent 



Absolute Weight 
Porosity Per 
lAS^I Cu.Ft. 
'"l.S.G. (Lbs.) 



Average 

Average 

3 

Average 

4 
Average 

5 

Average 

6 

Average 

7 
Average 

9 

Average 



Misc. 141 



Misc. 142 



Misc. 143 



Misc. 144 



Misc. 145 



Misc. 146 



Misc. 147 



11 

Average 

8 
Average 

10 
Average 

13 
Average 



Misc. 149 



Misc. 150 



Misc. 148 



2.00 
1.98 
1.98 



1.94 
1.97 
1.99 



1 

2 
3 



Misc. 148 



Misc. 148 



1.98 
1.95 
2.05 



2.07 
1.98 
1.99 



0.95 
0.97 
0.98 



1.00 
0.98 
0.97 



0.28 
0.26 
0.27 



0.30 
0.27 
0.29 



1 .94 
2.04 
1.94 



2.04 
2.03 
2.03 



0.85 
0.77 
0.78 



1.09 
1.02 
1.01 



2.03 
2.07 
1.96 



1.99 
2.00 
2.00 



1.97 
1.94 
1.93 



1.94 
2 04 
2.02 



1.99 
1.93 
1.97 



0.24 
0.23 
0.24 



0.17 
0.14 
0.22 



0.53 
0.51 
0.52 



15 
0.17 
0.17 



0.12 
0.13 
0.14 



2.03 
2.00 
1 .93 



0.15 
16 
18 



9 
do. 
do. 



9 
do. 
do. 



12 
do. 
do. 



12 
do. 
do. 



12 
do. 
do. 



12 
do. 
do. 



12 
do. 
do. 



7 

do. 

4 



9 
do. 
do. 



7 
do. 
do. 



7 
do. 
do. 



322 
674 
854 



920 
959 
920 



59 
56 
80 



93 
64 
80 



210 
279 
388 



400 
318 
791 



35 

57 
40 



48 

47 

120 



139 
155 
140 



20 
36 
32 



6 
do. 
do. 



9.75 

8 

18 



20 
20 
24 



.0190 
.014^ 
.0196 



.0134 
.0150 
.0170 



.0430 
.0790 
.0855 



.0600 
.0560 
.0615 



.0405 
.0335 



.0252 
.0134 
.0233 



.0660 
'0740 



.0317 
.0358 



.0181 
.0181 
.0206 



.0265 
.0330 
.0250 



.0430 
.0378 
.0440 



.0440 
.0300 
.0180 



2,410 
4,880 
6,060 
4,450 

6,400 
6,840 
6,630 
6,620 

6,840 
7,640 
9,640 
8,040 

8,990 
7,980 
8,600 
8,520 

2,700 
4,150 
5,920 
4,260 

2,970 
2,710 
6,880 
4,190 

5,390 
9,370 
(1,380 
7,050 

8,760 

12,590 

7,440 

9,600 

3,390 
4,150 
3,620 
3,720 

4,810 
6,410 
5,760 
5,660 

3,570 
2,570 
4,890 
3,680 

3,940 
3,520 
3,450 
3,640 



2,100,000 
4,640,000 
4,250,000 
3,660,000 

6,430,000 
6,040,000 
5,470,000 
5,980,000 

13,420,000 

8,820,000 

11,030,000 

11,090,000 

11,820,000 
12,420,000 
11,570,000 
11,940,000 

2,900,000 

3,150,000 
6,010,000 
4,020,000 

2,620,000 
4,810,000 
6,920,000 
4,780,000 

9,240,000 

10,2«)(),O0() 

8,0t)O,0U0 

9,200,000 

13,150,000 
19,530,000 



.0017 
.0005 



I 
•0189! .0189 



•0175 



.00111 0164 
.0011 0176 



16,340,000 

4,720,000 
6,090,000 
4,500.000 
5,100,000 

9,820,000 

9,410,000 

15,810,000 

11,680,000 

5,730.000 

4,250.01 lO 
6!34O.OO0 
5,440,000 



.0004 
.0004 
.0003 
.0004 

0037 
0012 
0041 
0030 

.0026 
.0009 
.0013 
.0016 

.0023 
.0033 
.0024 
.0027 

.0014 
.0010 
.0015 
.0013 

.0010 
.0013 
.0011 
.0011 

0010 
.0010 
.0009 
.0010 

.0183 
■0185 
0084 
0151 

.0016 
0010 
.0010 
■0012 



.0089 
.0075 
.008 
.0084 

.0160 
.0114 
.0167 
.0147 

.0113 
.0087 
.0112 
.0104 



.0193 
0786 
.0189 

.0105 
.0095 
0101 
.0100 

.0189 
.0146 
.0201 
.0179 

.0121 
.01141 
.0122 
.0119 



0120 .0157 



.0153 
0121 
,0131 

0076 
.0081 
.0080 
.0079 

.0089 
.0089 
.0090 
.0089 

.0073 
.0081 
.0082 
.0079 

■ 0410 
.0402 
.0365 
.0392 

.0094 
.0081 
.0089 
■0088 



0088 .0251 
•0072 .0257 
•0067| .0251 
•00761 .0253 



3,5.'>0.oo0^. 0046'. 0228 
4 4-_>().no0 .00(32 0243 
6,480.000 .0061 .0241 
4,8'J0,oO0 00561.0237 



.0193 
.0156 
.0169 

.0114 
.0093 
.0093 
.0100 

.0109 
.0107 
.0113 
.0110 

.0088 
.0091 
.0091 



.0047 
.0014 
.0031 
.0031 

.0010 
.0012 
.0009 
.0010 

.0094 
.0031 
.0105 
.0077 
I 
.0072 
.0025 
.0036 
.0044 



.0511 
.0475 
.0439 
.0475 

.0243 
.0205 
.0238 
.0229 

.0409 
.0293 
.0425 
.0376 

.0310 
.0241 
.0307 
.0286 



.0058 0305 ^0402 



.0083 .0390 
.0062 .0309 
.0068 .0335 

.0040: 0210 



.0513 
.0523 
.0500 
.0512 

.0286 
.0260 
.0276 
.0274 

.0481 
.0375 
.0512 
.0456 



.0332 
.0315 
.0334 
.0327 2 



2. 863 
2. 859 

2 '861 

2 813 
2 816 



2 815 

2.696 
2.702 



2.699 



2.862 



.0027 
.0041 
.0036 

.0028 



.0029 
.0029 

.0029 
0029 
.0026 



.00901 .0028 



.0225 
.0221 
.0219 

.0243 



.0410 
.0404 
.0365 
.0393 



.0467 
.0471 
.0216 
.0385 



.0246 
.0245 

0203 
.0227 
.0229 
.0220 

.1045 
.1023 
.0941 



.0491 
0397 
0430 



860 



2.714 
2.712 
2.689 
2.705 

2.738 

747 

2.744 

2.743 



169.1 

169.0 

167.5 

.0545 168.5 



J170.6 

;171.1 

1171.0 

0256 170.9 



2.550 158.9 

2.564 '159.7 



544 
553 



2.705 
2.704 



2.705 



860 
2 .854 



.0314 
.0257 
.0257 
.0276 2 857 



.0300 



.0310 
.0305 

.0244 
.0256 
.0255 
.0252 

.1045 
.1029 
,0941 



1003 .1005 



.0101 .00451. 0263 
.00961.0028 .0227 
.0098 .0027 .0252 
.0098 .00331 .0247 



0257 
.0253 
0255 

0229 
0243 
0244 



.0194 .0689 
.01801.0672 
.0187; .0681 

.0124 .0613 
.0167 .0652 
.0163 .0640 



0239i .0151. .0635 



.0283 
.0272 
.0279 
.0278 



2 805 
2 810 



748 
776 
741 
2.755 

2.557 
2.544 
2.553 
2.551 

2.771 
2.767 
2 .769 
2.769 

2.739 



2.808 



.0541 



158.5 
159.0 



171.2 

1173.0 

|l70.8 

.0367 171.7 



159.3 
158.5 
159.1 
159.0 



0570 



.0308 



2.733 
2.736 



2.849 2.764 

2 .845 2 .806 

. ..2.789 

2 847 2. 786 



2.828 
830 

2 .829 

2.863 
2 866 



.0689 
.0677 
.0683 

.0617 
.0652 
0648 
0639 



2. 865 
2 854 



2 .857 



2.856 



2.552 
2.546 
2.576 
2.558 

2.801 
2 .822 
2.838 
2.820 



.0256 



.0214 



0958 



172.6 
172.4 
172.5 
172.5 

170. 6 



170.3 
170.5 

172.2 
174 8 
173 8 
173.6 

159.0 
158.6 
1(50.5 
159.4 



2.682 
2.676 
2.679 



2 862'2.691 
2. 8602 683 
2.658 
2.677 



174.6 
175 8 
176.8 
0157 175.7 



2.861 



167.1 
166.7 
.0620 166.9 



167.6 
167.1 
165.6 
166.8 



.0643 



♦These tests were made at the Structural Materials Testing Laboratorie-^ "^ the U. S. Geological Survey, St. Louis, Mo. 
Note : Specific Gravities corrected at 70° F. 



SivATES OF Arkansas 



65 



CHEMICAL ANAIvYSES. 

Field No. 123 

Reg. No. Misc. 141 Misc. 142 Misc. 143 

Silica 53.81 S4.83 68.90 

Alumina 25.40 23.53 14.03 

Ferric Oxide 6.17 5.06 * 

Manganese Oxide.. .06 .14 .02 

Lime 31 .28 .37 

Magnesia 1.74 3.05 i.ii 

Sulphuric Anhydride.Trace .26 .56 

Ferrous Oxide 2.75 3.41 4.65 

Sodium Oxide ... .49 .21 .05 

Potassium Oxide.. 4.27 3.21 2.14 

Water at 100° C... .66 .43 .66 

Ignition loss 4.62 6.01 7.69 

Total 100.28 100.42 100.18 

Field No. 6 7 8, 10, 13 

Reg. No. Misc. 145 Misc. 147 Misc. 148 

Silica 52.50 55-71 53.23 

Alumina 26.31 25.20 26.29 

Ferric Oxide 3.98 2.46 3.81 

Manganese Oxide.. .11 .11 .06 

Lime 28 .26 .31 

Magnesia 2.27 1.74 1.87 

Sulphuric Anhydride .22 Trace Trace 

Ferrous Oxide 5.34 3.97 4.2V 

Sodium Oxide 04 .22 Trace 

Potassium Oxide.. 3.32 4.51 3.58 

Water at 100° C. . . .47 .53 .59 

Ignition loss 5.33 5.13 5.82 



Total 100.17 



99.84 



99.77 



4 

Misc. 



144 

57.79 
22.92 

5-19 

•07 

.23 
1-97 

.08 
2.62 

.12 
4.66 

.48 
4-13 



5 

Misc. 145 

69.76 

14.16 

.04 

.38 
1.32 

.07 
4.58 

• 13 
1.94 

•54 
7.44 



IG0.26 


100.36 


9 


II 


\disc. 149 


Misc. 150 


52.35 


52.79 


26.16 


24.96 


5.81 


6.27 


.10 


.06 


.29 


.28 


2.29 


1.69 


Trace 


Trace 


3-16 


3.81 


.16 


.03 


3.82 


3.52 


■57 


.72 


5.19 


5.79 



99.90 



99.92 



*Owing to the large amount of volatile organic material it is im- 
possible to determine the ferrous oxide — consequently all iron has 
been assumed as being present in the lowest state and calculated as 
such. 



CHAPTER V. 

NOTES ON QUARRIES, PROSPECTS AND OUT-CROPS. 
The following is a detailed description of the quarries 
and prospects examined in the course of the field work on 
the slate deposits. Several of the prospects are described as 
occurring in the Stanley shale. It must be understood that 
this name refers to the geological formation and not to the 
character of the material taken from it. By reference to the 
description of the Stanley shale (p. 41) it will be seen that 
this formation, which is mainly shale, is in places altered 
into slate. For the geological name, Missouri Mountain 
slate, the name red slate is commonly used in these notes, 
partly as a matter of convenience and partly because that is 
the term by which the formation is known among the quar- 
rymen and prospectors. 

RANGE 13 WEST 

The Hull property. In Sec. 8. i N., 13 W., in the 
southeast corner of the northwest quarter of the southwest 
quarter, Mr. Alonzo Hull opened up the black slate in the 
Stanley shale formation in 1885. The workable slate is 
about four feet thick in this quarry and the dip is 70 de- 
grees north, 15 degrees west. The quarry is about 30 feet 
long, 20 feet wide and 70 feet deep. The slate is a 
bluish black, has a clear ring and is very hard. It splits into 
shingles of good thickness and has a smooth cleavage sur- 
face. The slate contains small crystals of iron pyrites. 

The quarry is on rather level ground and is near the 
base of the Stanley shale. Mr. Hull used the slate for roof- 
ing purposes. His home and several out buildings were 
covered with the slate in 1885. Also some buildings in 



Slates of Arkansas 67 

Little Rock were covered with it. All these roofs are still 
in good repair. 

(R. D. Mesler). 
RANGE 15 WEST 

The T. H. White property. In Sec. 34, 2 N., 15 W., 
Mr. T. H. White began work in what appears to be the 
Stanley shale about 1888. He, with Mr. Chas. Gugerty, 
opened up the quarry in the southwest corner of the north- 
west quarter of the southeast quarter of Sec. 34, and later 
formed the Arkansas Slate Co. This quarry was worked 
two or three years and several car loads of roofing slate 
were shipped from Bryant, Arkansas, to St. Louis. 

The quarry is about 30 feet square and 50 feet deep. 
The slate is very hard and has a clear ring, and splits into 
good roofing shingles. The joints are far enough apart to 
get out blocks five to six feet in diameter. Small crystals 
of iron pyrites are scattered through the slate. Some of the 
roofing shingles now at the quarry said to have been made 
in 1888 and 1889 are unaltered. 

(R. D. Mesler). 

In Sec. 32, 2 N., 15 W., a quarry was opened by Mr. 
T. H. White of St. Louis. The quarry is near the centre of 
the section and is in the Stanley shale. The horizon and 
quality of the slate are about the same as that just east in 
Sec. 34. Nothing further than prospecting was done here. 

(R. D. Mesler). 

The Marysville Slate Company's property. Along the 
Hot Springs and Little Rock road in the southwest corner 
of the northeast quarter of Sec. 16, i N., 15 W., Mr. T. H. 
White of St. Louis did some prospecting in 1891. Several 
quarries were opened here in the Stringtown shale (below 
the Bigfork chert) and the Marysville Slate Company was 
organized. The main quarry near the road is about 70 feet 
long, 40 feet wide and 30 feet deep. Several car loads of 
shingles were made between 1891 and 1894 and shipped 
from Bryant to St. Louis. 



68 Geological Survey oE Arkansas 

The slate is a bluish black, with a good clear ring, but 
contains numerous crystals of iron pyrites. It splits well 
and is very hard and free from shale and clay. It has an 
extremely smooth cleavage surface and does not check on 
being exposed to the air. The dip and strike joints are 
eight inches to two feet apart but do not interfere with the 
slate for shingle material. 

(R. D. Mesler). 

RANGE 20 WEST 

The King Dimklee and Woods property. Between 
1897 and 1908 considerable prospecting was done and sev- 
eral openings were made in the southeast quarter of Sec. 2, 
2 S., 20 W., to determine the location and quality of the 
slate. The dip is 30 degrees north, 40 degrees west and the 
slate is about of the same quality as that just south in Sec. 
II. The black slate splits into good shingles that are sono- 
rous. The jointing does not interfere in quarrying the slate 
out in large blocks. Crystals of iron pyrites are scattered 
through the slate. 

(R. D. Mesler). 

The James Dunklee property. In the northwest quar- 
ter of the northeast quarter of Sec. 11, 2 S., 20 W., are 
several openings in the black, red, and gray slate made by 
Mr. James Dunklee in the summer of 1908. The black 
and red slate openings are on the north side of the hill and 
the dip of the slate is 35 degrees north, 40 degrees west, 
and about the same as the slope of the hill. The openings 
are small, none being over four or five feet deep. The slate 

is not crushed or crumpled and is comparatively free from 
jointing. 

The opening of the gray slate is on the south side of 
the hill and about one hundred and fifty feet from the base 
of the hill. The opening here is small, not over four feet 
deep but the slate has a very good ring and splits well. 

(R. D. Mesler). 



SivATES OF Arkansas 69 

The Hot Springs Slate Company's property. In the 
southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of Sec. 11, 2 S., 
20 W., the red slate was opened up by the Hot Springs Slate 
Company in 1902. The quarry is on the north side of the 
hill and the dip of the slate is parallel to the slope, being 
about 30 degrees north, 38 degrees west. The opening is 
about 40 to 50 feet long, 20 feet wide and 7 to 10 feet deep. 
The joints are 4 inches to six feet apart and blocks of large 
size can be gotten out. The slate splits well and can be 
sawed into thick blocks. The ring is about the same as in 
the red slate at other places in this locality. This is by far 
the best opening for red slate observed in the region on 
account of lack of crumpling and jointing. It is much more 
easily quarried than at most places where the red slate is 
prospected. It is reported that this slate does not check on 
exposure to the air. No slate has been shipped from this 
locality. 

(R. D. Mesler). 

The Hot Springs Slate Company's property. Near 
the center of the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter 
of Sec. II, 2 S., 20 W., quite a good many shingles have 
been made from black slate. Here the black slate, as well 
as the red slate in the same locality, is overturned. The 
quarry is about 20 feet square and 50 feet deep. The dip is 
30 degrees north, 38 degrees west. 

The slate has a good ring and splits into thin shingles 
with smooth cleavage surfaces. Large blocks can be quar- 
ried, as the joints are few. There is less crumpling and 
jointing than at most localities, but the slate contains crys- 
tals of iron pyrites. About 8,000 to 10,000 roofing shingles 
were made from this quarry between 1902 and 1906 but 
none have been shipped away. 

(R. D. Mesler). 

The Jake Kempner property. In Sec. 19, 2 S., 20 W., 
about a quarter of a mile southeast of the mouth of Glazier- 



70 GEOLOGICAL Survey of Arkansas 

peau Creek, the black slate of the Stanley formation was 
opened up shortly before the war. It is reported that some 
slaves were brought up the Ouachita River and worked here. 
According to this report, the slate was taken down the river 
in small boats. The opening is 15 by 20 feet and 30 feet 
deep. The quarry could not be examined on account of its 
being full of water at the time visited. 

For several years after the slate was first opened, the 
people in the neighborhood hauled the blocks of slate awa\ 
for building chimneys and foundations. 

(R. D. Mesler). 

RANGE 21 WEST 
The Osark Slate Company's property. In Sections 
23 and 24, 2 S., 21 W., there are several openings made by 
the Ozark Slate Company. These occur in the red slate, 
the Fork Mountain slate, and the Stanley shale. A well 
equipped plant has been erected for milling slate. 

The openings in the red slate consist of three small 
prospects and one of considerable size. The color of this 
slate is a uniform, dark-red. The cleavage is only fair, 
though suf^ciently good for milling purposes. The bedding 
was not determined, so that the relation of the cleavage to 
the bedding is uncertain. The jointing is considerable and 
in the present stage of development prevents the quarr\'ing 
of large blocks. 

No attempt has been made to utilize the slate taken 
from the red slate quarries, either for milling stock or for 
shingles. The material on the oldest dumps, which are said 
to have been made four or five years, is rapidly disintegrat- 
ing. 

In Sec. 24, the northwest quarter, on the north slope of 
a hill, there is a prospect in the Fork Mountain slate 30 feet 
square, and 10 feet deep. The dip is 9 degrees north, 10 
degrees east, and is with the slope. The color of this slate 



Slates of Arkansas 71 

is a uniform, pleasing, bluish gray. The cleavage, which is 
parallel with the bedding, is excellent, permitting the slate 
to split in sheets of any thickness, and producing even, 
smooth surfaces. It has unusual flexibility and strength, 
and is highly sonorous. It is a superior slate. Both dip and 
strike joints occur, but these are not frequent, and slabs 
2 by 6 feet could be quarried. Some of the layers, which 
are from one-fourth to one inch thick are hard and sandy, 
but these could be sorted out in quarrying. 

The hill-slope above the quarry is mostly covered with 
soil but such outcropping rocks as there are, indicate that 
much the same material as that described in the quarry ex- 
tends to the top of the hill and 50 feet down the south 
slope. 

Whether or not this is a valuable slate deposit depends 
wholly upon the waste that would come from the hard beds. 
The prospect well deserves further development. Inasmuch 
as the dip is with the slope, the slate lies to the best possi- 
ble advantage for quarrying. 

The main quarry of the Ozark Slate Company is in 
the Stanley shale. It is 100 by 50 feet, and is 65 feet deep. 
At the time of the writer's visit, the pit was filled with 
water to the depth of 50 feet. That part that could be seen 
is little else than a dark colored. Carboniferous shale. The 
dip is about 15 degrees north, and the cleavage which is 
poorly developed at the top. is parallel with the bedding. 
The material from the upper part of the pit will not split 
in blocks less than an inch in thickness, but that near the 
bottom will split thin enough for shingles though the cleav- 
age is a little "wild," and shingles made from it do not 
run even in thickness. A small shed roof made from these 
shingles has been in use three years, and most of the shin- 
gles are in good condition. 

About 200 feet northeast of the main opening is an- 
other, 50 feet up and down the slope. 10 feet wide, and 4 



y2 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

feet deep, including i8 inches of soil at the top. The slate 
is in the Stanley shale, is bluish-gray in color, and dips 15 
degrees north, 20 degrees west, and with the hill slope. 
Both dip and strike joints are well defined. Blocks 2 by 

4 feet could easily be quarried. The cleavage is with the 
bedding and is very good down to the thickness of one 
inch. The strength is not very great, and it is not sono- 
rous. 

(A. H. -Purdue). 

RANGE 22 WEST 

The George Everett property. In Sec. 3, 3 S., 22 
W.. the north half, there is a prospect on the north slope 
of the hill. The opening is 35 feet long. 8 feet wide and 

5 feet deep. The dip is 45 degrees north, 15 degrees east. 
Most of the quarried part consists of weathered material 
from near the surface. The slate is red. Strike and dip 
joints are well developed and do not appear to be very fre- 
quent. With further development blocks of good size could 
be quarried. The sonorousness and hardness are about the 
average of red slate, and the cleavage is fair. 

About 500 feet east of the above named opening there 
is another of similar size. The dip is 30 degrees north, 15 
degrees east, and is wnth the slope. The characteristics of 
the slate are the same as of that above described. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Bit Bolinger property. A Tittle over a quartet* 
east of the last named prospect is a small opening 8 by 25 
feet. The cleavage is good, and it appears that blocks of 
considerable size could be quarried if the prospect were 
developed. The work w-as done about four years before the 
time visited, and the slabs on the dump were rapidly falling 
to pieces. The opening is in the red slate. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Peter Henan property. In Sec. 5, 3 S., 22 W., 
the south half, there is a prospect in a small ravine about 



Slates of Arkansas 73 

50 feet above the base of the hilL The opening is 100 feet 
long and 10 to 15 feet wide, with a face 4 to 6 feet high. 
The dip is 16 degrees north, 30 degrees west, and with the 
slope. The color is a deep red with streaks of green along 
the joints. Both dip and strike joints are well defined, and 
besides there are numerous irregular joints, so that, as 
the prospect now shows, only small blocks can be quarried. 
The cleavage is better than is common in the red slate, and 
is with the bedding. It is but slightly sonorous. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Davis ^orperty. East of, and on the opposite 
side of the ravine from the last mentioned prospect, and 
distant from it abov^ 150 feet, there is a prospect consist- 
ing of two openings. One of these is 10 by 40 feet, with a 
face of 6 to 8 feet, and was about six years old at the time 
visited. The other, mt^re recently opened, is about 15 feet 
higher on the slope, and is 100 feet long with the inner face 
8 to 10 feet. The slate is dark red, with a few green streaks 
along the joints. While it is much fractured by jointing 
blocks 4 by 6 feet could be quarried, though most of the ma- 
terial would be in smaller blocks. The color is deep red, 
the cleavage is above the average for the red slate, and is 
parallel with the bedding. It is slightly sonorous. Much 
of the slate of the upper opening is "lumpy," from small ac- 
cumulations of iron pyrites. That portion that is free from 
lumps would make good milling slate if it does not check on 
drying. The cleavage is nearly horizontal, and the slate 
lies well for quarrying. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Crawford property. On the point of the moun- 
tain, in the northeast corner of Sec. 7, or the southeast cor- 
ner of Sec. 6, 3 S., 22 W., there is a prospect consisting of 
two openings about 75 and 100 feet long respectively. These 
openings extend into the hill only a few feet. The dip is 



74 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

20 degrees north, 70 degrees west. The slate is of a dark 
red color, is "curly" and the cleavage is poor. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

RANGE 23 WEST 

The Fordycc property. In Sec. 29, 3 S., 23 W., well 
upon the west mountain slope, there is a prospect in red 
slate. This slate is not sonorous. Its cleavage is poor, and 
on weathering it falls to pieces in shoe-peg fashion. Iron 
sulphide and other minerals are absent. Joints are nu- 
merous and there is no regularity about their occurrence. 

(H. D. Miser). 

Name of owner unknozvn. In Sec. 10, 3 S., 23 W., 
the east part, on the south slope of a mountain and near 
the top, there is a prospect in the red slate. The prospect 
consists of a stripped surface 40 by 60 feet. The dip is 
north, or into the mountain. The slate is of a beautiful red 
color and is somewhat sonorous. The cleavage promises to 
be good with greater depth. The thickness at this point ap- 
pears to be about 125 feet. This is one of a number of 
claims known as "The Horse-shoe Group.'' 

(A. H. Purdue). 

RANGE 24 WEST 

The Bill Jones property. Near the line between Sees. 
2 and 3, 4 S., 24 W., in the head of a ravine on the 
northwest slope of Sharptop Mountain, there is a prospect 
in red slate. The general dip is 30 degrees north, 50 de- 
grees east. This slate has a dead ring. It splits only into 
thick pieces. The cleavage surface transversely cuts nu- 
merous small slicken sides, which give the glossy surfaces 
the resemblance of polished walnut wood. The slate is so 
much jointed as to render it worthless. 

(H. D. Miser). 



SivATES ojf Arkansas 75 

The Bonanza property. In the northwest corner of 
Sec. 36, 3 S., 24 W., on the north slope of the mountain, 
there is a prospect in the red slate. It is on the east side 
of a small ravine, and uncovers the slate over an area 35 
feet square. The dip is 32 degrees south, 40 degrees west. 
The slate splits easily with rather rough surfaces, is of a 
deep red color, and is somewhat sonorous. The jointing 
is irregular, but not so frequent as to prevent the quarrying 
of large blocks. It is reported that blocks 4 by 6 feet have 
been taken from this prospect. 

While the dip in this prospect and the one mentioned 
above is into the hill, the slate could be quarried with com- 
parative ease, as the slope is gradual. The slate could be 
quarried to the best advantage by beginning on the upper 
side and working downward. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The J. M. Jones property. In Sec. 35, 3 S., 24 W., 
the northeast quarter, there is a prospect in a ravine on the 
north slope of the mountain, at an elevation of 11 50 feet. 
The opening is about 35 feet north and south, with an inner 
face of 10 feet. The dip is 30 degrees south, 10 degrees 
east, and into the mountain. The slate is of a bright red 
color, of about the average hardness of the red slate, and 
is not sonorous. Near the north end of the quarry, there 
is a streak of yellow slate, due to weathering of the red. 
Blocks of almost any size could be quarried here, and some 
two and a half by five feet have been taken out. The joint- 
ing appears to be irregular, but is not frequent. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

RANGE 25 WEST 

The Perkins property. In the southwest quarter, Sec. 
3, 5 S., 25 W.. at the base of a steep mountain slope and a 
few feet north of Shields Creek, there is a prospect in red 
slate which occurs near the top of the flinty shales of the 



yd Geological Survey of Arkansas 

Arkansas novaculite*. This red slate deposit is about 20 
feet thick and has a very high dip to the south. This slate 
has a fairly good ring and is readily split into pieces one- 
fourth of an inch thick and thicker. The cleavage surface 
is even and from glossy to dull. Almost the entire thick- 
ness of this deposit contains numerous small cavities, the 
size of a pin head, filled with a white to yellow powder 
which is most likely derived from some other mineral, pos- 
sibly iron sulphide. Two sets of parallel joints are present 
and these joints are from a few inches to two or three feet 
apart. 

(H. D. Miser). 

RANGE 26 WEST 

Name of owner unknown. Near the southeast cor- 
ner of Sec. 7, 4 S., 26 W., on the east end of Fodderstack 
Mountain, there are several prospects in the red slate. From 
each, the slate can be taken out in large blocks which split 
well, but it has no ring. The slate is lacking in hardness 
in this locality. 

(R. D. Mesler). 

Name of owner unknown. In 3 S., 26 W., in the 
northeast corner of the southeast quarter of Sec. 9, and 
in the northwest corner of the southwest quarter of Sec. 
10, there is a good exposure of green slate which is 
very hard and has a clear ring. It is exposed on the sur- 
face of the ground and does not become soft on exposed 
surfaces. It is divided into rather large blocks by jointing, 
splits well and is entirely free from crumpling. No open- 
ings have been made at this locality. The dip is low to the 
southwest. This slate is in either the Ouachita or String- 
town shale. 

(R. D. Mesler). 



*This is the only slate prospect observed at this horizon. 



> 




u 



Slates of Arkansas yj 

Name of ozvner iinknozvn. Near the southeast cor- 
ner of Sec. 7 on the east end of Fodderstack Mountain sev- 
eral prospect holes have been sunk in the red slate and at 
each the slate is taken out in large blocks which split well 
but the slate has no ring. The slate is lacking in hardness 
at this locality, 

(R. D. Mesler). 

RANGE 27 WEST 

Name of owner unknozvu. In the south part of 
Sec. 23, or north part of Sec. 26, 4 S., 2y W., along 
the small branch that flows westward, about 75 feet of the 
red slate is exposed. The exposure is so much weathered 
that its character could not be determined, but it is possi- 
ble that prospecting might show well developed cleavage 
parallel with the bedding. Slabs 5 by 20 inches may be 
seen on the talus. In places it contains numerous layers of 
dark chert i to 3 inches thick, while in other parts this is 
rare. Dip and strike joints both are common, the former 
being most pronounced. The formation lies at this place 
between the Arkansas novaculite on the hill-slope to the 
north and Stanley shale on the slope to the south, all dip- 
ping south at a high angle. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Southzuesteni Slate Company's property. The 
quarries and prospects described in the following para- 
graphs belong to the Southwestern Slate Company : 

On the south side of the mountain, in Sec. 3, 4 S., 2y 
W., at the height of 1750 feet, there is a ledge of red slate 
15 feet high, showing along the mountain side for 125 feet. 
The prominence of the bluff would indicate that this slate 
withstands weathering. The cleavage is good, but joints 
are numerous. Layers of fine-grained sandstone a half inch 
thick and greater, are common. The color on the weathered 



78 Geoi^ogical Survey of Arkansas 

surface varies from a beautiful red to green and brown. It 
doubtless is all red some distance in from the exposed sur- 
face. 

TJie Southwestern Slate Company's property. In the 
east half of Sec. 34, or the west half of Sec. 35, 3 S., 27 W., 
at the head of a small ravine there is a fine bluff of the red 
slate. The slate, which is of deep, rich red color, lies prac- 
tically horizontal, and is but slightly jointed. It cleaves 
well, with fairly even surfaces, but is not sonorous. This is 
an excellent milling slate if it will not check on drying. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Southwestern Slate Company's property. In the 
northern part of Sec. 5, 4 S., 27 W., on the south slope of 
the Missouri Mountain, at the height of 1800 feet, there is 
an exposure of slaty material, 180 feet thick. The dip is 
17 degrees north, 20 degrees east, and into the mountain. 
When this was observed, it was not known that the forma- 
tion in which it occurs ever contained slate, and it was de- 
scribed in the notes as "a thin bedded, greenish to choco- 
late colored, hard shale, forming a blufT on the mountain 
side, and containing thin beds of quartzite near the top. 
About the middle portion, there is a bed of conglomerate 
two and one-half feet thick." 

This belongs to what was afterward namicd the Fork 
Mountain slate, which subsequent observations show to be 
almost everywhere a true slate. It is probable that pros- 
pecting would show this to be no exception to the rule, 
though it should be remembered that usually the slate of 
the formation is so much jointed as to render it worthless. 
While this formation occurs normally above the Arkansas 
novaculite its position is here reversed due to overturning. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Southwestern Slate Company's property. In the 
north part of Sec. 9, 4 S., 27 W., on the north slope of 
Statehouse Mountain a quarry was being opened up at the 



Slates of Arkansas 79 

time of the writer's visit. The slate is in the center of an 
isochnal fold, and dips 58 degrees north. The cleavage is 
with the bedding, or nearly so. Jointing is freqnent and in 
all directions. The effect of the color is that of a beauti- 
ful, uniform red, though small green spots are noticeable on 
close inspection. The best of the slate is quite sonorous and 
cleaves well, but ''curl" is so common as to probably prevent 
this quarry from being valuable. This quarry is in the red 
slate. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

TJic Southwestern Slate Company's property. In Sec. 
3, 4 S., 2"/ W., the north half, in a ravine on the north 
slope of the mountain, at the height of 1650 feet, there is 
a fine exposure of the red slate. The slate dips at a low 
angle to the north or with the mountain slope. The joints 
are straight, clean-cut, and not frequent, so that the slate 
could be quarried in large blocks. 

In the small creek that runs along the north side of 
Sec. 3, there is a bed of green slate lying practically horizon- 
tal, with the cleavage parallel to the bedding. This slate 
can be quaried in large, beautiful slabs, but it contains 
thin layers of fine, sandy material, which precludes it from 
milling slate. It might be worked into shingles an inch or 
more in thickness, should ever such come into use. This is 
in the basal part of the Missouri Mountain slate. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Southwestern Slate Company's property. In the 
west part of Sec. 4 or the east part of Sec. 5, 4 S., 27 W. 
there is a small prospect in the Stanley shale. The opening 
is 30 feet wide with a face 3 feet high at the inner end. 
The color is dark blue, and the cleavage poor. On expo- 
sure it rapidly disintegrates. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Southwestern Slate Company's property. In 
Sec. 4, 4 S., 27 W., on the east side of a small branch flow- 



8o Geologicai, Survey of Arkansas 

ing into Crooked Creek and near the base of the mountain, 
there is a quarry about lOO feet square and 50 feet deep. 
The dip of the rocks is north or into the mountain, and the 
cleavage is parallel with the dip. Both strike and dip joints 
are numerous, two feet being the usual maximum distance 
apart. Thin quartz veins are common on the east side of 
the quarry. The rocks in the upper 10 feet of the quarry 
are thin-bedded sandstone and shale. 

Most of the material taken from the quarry was waste, 
but several squares of shingles were on the ground at the 
time of the writer's visit, and appear to have been cut three 
or four years. These were of two kinds. One a grayish 
blue, micaceous slate, the other, bluish black and non-mi- 
caceous. The former is sonorous, cleaves with a rather 
rough surface, and has withstood weathering. The latter 
is not sonorous, cleaves with a smooth, glossy surface, and 
about 10 per cent, of it has gone to pieces. This quarry is 
in the Stanley (Carboniferous) shale. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Soiithzvestern Slate Company's property. In 
Sec. 35, 3 S., 27 W., on the north slope of the mountain, 
at a height of about 1600 feet, there is a quarry in the red 
slate, from which has been obtained a good deal of the 
material that has been worked up into milled stock. This 
is known as the north quarry. The slate at this point can 
be quarried in fine large blocks, as is shown by Fig. 2, 
Plate V. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

In the same section as that above described, and on 
the south slope of the mountain, there are three quarries in 
the red slate. These probably were the first quarries opened 
up in this part of the slate area, and a large amount of 
work has been done in them. These quarries have supplied 
most of the milled stock that has been shipped from Arkan- 
sas, but unfortunately the openings were at points where 
the slate had suffered much from crushing and jointing. 



Plate VII. 




2. Block of red slate from North Quarry, Southwestern Slate Com- 
pany. 



Slates of Arkansas 8i 

and as a consequence the amount of waste was unusually 
large. 

The J. R. Crowe Coal and Mining Company's prop- 
erty. Two openings, one of which appears to be on the 
east side of Sec. 36, 3 S., 2^ W., and the other on the west 
side of Sec. 31, 3 S., 26 W., occur on the north slope of 
the mountain at the height of 1380 feet. The dip of the 
slate is about 32 degrees south, and into the mountain. 
The first named of the openings exposes a thickness of 
about 30 feet of slate. The cleavage appears to be with 
the bedding, but disintegration is so great that this is very 
poor. Both strike and dip joints are frequent. Most of the 
slate is green or brown in color, these colors having resulted 
from the weathering of the red slate to which it belongs. 

The second opening is about 30 yards to the east of the 
one described. This opening is 75 feet along the moun- 
tain, with a floor 40 feet wide. The bed of promising slate 
in this quarry is only about 5 feet thick, but it is much less 
weathered and less jointed than that just described. 

About 300 yards further to the east, in Sec. 31, 3 S., 
26 W., there are two other openings about the same height, 
and in the same formation, at the head of a small ravine. 
The larger of these is 50 feet along the mountain side, and 
shows 25 feet of red slate of good quality. The joints are 
few, the beds massive, and the cleavage good. It appears 
that blocks 8 to 10 feet long could be quarried here. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

RANGE 28 WEST 

The American Slate Company's property. In Sec. 32, 
3 S., 28 W., in a small branch which runs north, at the base 
of a high mountain, there is a prospect in gray (probably 
Fork Mountain) slate. The slate has a fairly good ring, 
and can be split into sheets one-eighth inch thick and 



82 Geologicai. Survey op Arkansas 

thicker. The cleavage surfaces usually are rough and 
wrinkled. Iron sulphide and other minerals are absent. 
The slate is so much jointed that after searching, a good 
piece 12 by 24 inches could not be obtained from the dump 
where the best pieces had been placed. 

(H. D. Miser). 

Name of owner unknown. In or near Sec. 32, 3 S., 
28 W., the northeast quarter, the Fork Mountain slate is 
exposed in a bluff on the north bank of the head of Big 
Fork Creek. This exposure should be prospected. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

Name of ozvner unknozun. In Sec. 32, 3 S., 28 W., 
the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter, in a small 
ravine on the north slope of the Missouri Mountain, there 
is a prospect in the black Stanley (Carboniferous) shale. 
The dip is to the north, and the cleavage with the dip. The 
dump contains slabs of sufficient size for large shingles. 
The cleavage is excellent, and the slate is sonorous and 
contains numerous small mica scales, 

(A. H. Purdue). 

Name of owner unknown. In Sec. 32, 3 S., 28 W., 
there is an opening in the Fork Mountain slate on the south 
slope of the mountain. The dip of the rocks is into the 
mountain, and is 32 degrees north, 15 degrees west. The 
opening is 70 feet long, but extends into the hill only 5 feet. 
The cleavage is parallel with the bedding, a fact much to 
the advantage of the slate, should it ever prove valuable. 
Strike joints are well developed, and if we may judge from 
the small size of the opening, are some four or five feet 
apart. The color is gray. The waste from the quarry is 
much decomposed, but the material probably would grow 
better were the quarry extended further into the hill, away 
from the weathered portion. 

(A. H. Purdue). 



SI.ATES ojp Arkansas 83 

The Danville property. In Sec. 28, 3 S., 28 W., the 
northeast quarter of the southwest quarter, in a gap of Fork 
Mountain, there is a prospect 22 feet wide and probably 20 
feet deep, in gray slate. The bottom portion was tilled with 
water at the time of the writer's visit, only the upper to 
feet showing. This is what is known as the Fork Mountain 
slate, the name having been suggested by the location of 
this quarry. It is of a pleasing dark gray color, cleaves 
well with fairly even surfaces, has great strength, and is 
highly sonorous. The cleavage is at a high angle to the 
bedding and in parts of it, ribbons are pronounced. This 
would not make milling slate, but would produce shingles 
of excellent quality if the joints are not so numerous as to 
prevent its being worked with profit, a thing that can be de- 
termined only by further prospecting. 

Another prospect on the same property is located in 
Sec. 29, 3 S., 28 W., on the south slope of the mountain 
at an elevation of 1450 feet. This small prospect is in the 
Fork Mountain slate on the south bank of a drain that runs 
south 40 degrees east, and on a point between the drain and 
a sag to the south. The cleavage dip is 20 degrees north, 80 
degrees west. The bedding was not determined, but rib- 
bons in the slate show that the cleavage is not parallel with 
it. The master joints are at right angles to the cleavage, 
and are with the cleavage strike. Such joints as show are 
from 18 inches to 5 feet apart. This slate cleaves well, is 
of a gray color, possesses good strength, is sonorous, and 
lies well for quarrying. It is worthy of further attention. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

Name of ozmier unknozvn. In Sec. 30, 3 S., 28 W., 
apparently in the northeast quarter, there is an opening in 
the Stanley shale in an east-west ravine, and at the base of a 
hill to the north. The cut is 15 feet with the strike with a 
10- foot face at the inner end. The slates dip 15 degrees 
north, 20 degrees west. The rocks exposed are shaly slates 
containing a layer of quartzite from i to 5 inches thick. 



84 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

The slate is gray, cleaves readily with uneven surfaces, and 
is quite sonorous. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

RANGE 29 WEST 

The Whisenhimt property. In Sec. 35, 3 S., 29 W., 
the south half, on a gentle slope to the north and a short 
distance south of Mine Creek, there is a small prospect in 
gray (probably Fork Mountain) slate which has a low dip 
to the north. The slate has a good ring and can be split 
into pieces of suitable thickness for roofing slate. The cleav- 
age surface is smooth. Iron sulphide, clay and other min- 
erals are absent. The amount and character of the jointing 
could not be determined, as the opening was small. 

(H. D. Miser). 

The Whisenhunt property. In Sec. 35, 3 S., 29 W., 
the south half, on the south bank of Mine Creek, there is 
a prospect in black (probably Carboniferous) slate. This 
slate has a low dip to the north. It is free of iron sulphide 
and other minerals, has a clear sharp ring, and can be split 
into pieces one-fourth of an inch thick and thicker. The 
cleavage planes run across the bedding planes, but do not 
cause ribbons as the eight feet of slate in the opening is of 
a uniform color. The cleavage surface is smooth and 
shows no wrinkles. On account of the dynamiting of the 
prospect, the number of sets and the frequency of the joints 
could not be determined, yet it is probable that pieces of 
commercial size can be obtained. 

(H. D. Miser). 

Name of ozvner unknozun. In Sec. 7, 3 S., 29 W., 
the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter, there is a 
small prospect 150 yards west of Board Camp Creek and a 
quarter of a mile north of Mr. Henry Harrison's house. 
It is in dark gray shale of the novaculite series, and is 
closely intersected with irregular joints. 

(A. H. Purdue). 



Slates of Arkansas 85 

/ 

The Harrison property. In the same section named 
above, and in the southeast quarter of the northwest quar- 
ter, about a quarter of a mile east of Mr. Harrison's house, 
there is a small prospect in the Fork Mountain slate, from 
which only a few cubic yards have been removed. The dip 
is 26 degrees north, 30 degrees west, and the rock lies so 
as to be easily quarried. The cleavage surfaces on the few 
slabs taken out are quite uneven, but this probably would im- 
prove with depth. The color is gray, the slate is sonorous, 
and joints are not numerous. This should be prospected 
further for roofing slate. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

Name of oivner unknown. In the same section 
named above, the northwest quarter of the southwest quar- 
ter, on the east bank of Board Camp Creek, a half mile south 
of Mr. Harrison's house, there is a prospect in the upper, 
thin-bedded part of the Arkansas novaculite. The material 
sought is shale, which is only a few inches thick between 
the beds of novaculite. Some are soft, clay shales, others 
silicious and hard, and all of a dark color. It is not advisa- 
ble to prospect this further. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

Name of owner unknown. In Sec. 18, 3 S., 29 W., 
there is a small opening in the southeast corner, on the north 
hill slope. The dip is 41 degrees north, 10 degrees west. 
About 12 feet (stratigraphically) is much weathered, but 
that beneath appears sound. The joints are irregular, but 
not so numerous as to prevent the quarrying of large blocks. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Boyer property. In Sec. 20, 3 S., 29 W., the 
northwest quarter, there are two openings on the north slope 
of the ridge above described, made 10 years before the 
writer's visit. The dip is 19 degrees north, 10 degrees west. 
One of the openings, 20 by 40 feet, was full of water at the 
time visited. The other is only a stripping but it discloses 



86 Geologicai. Survey of Arkansas 

fine red slate at the surface, an exposure 6 by lo feet show- 
ing no joints. The prospect indicates a fine quahty of red 
slate. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

Name of owner unknozmi. In the southwest quar- 
ter of the northwest quarter of the above named section, 
there is an opening on the south slope of the ridge, in the 
Fork Mountain slate, which, owing to an overturn, lies be- 
neath the Arkansas novaculite. The cleavage is excellent 
and the slate would be of good quality were it not that the 
joints are so numerous as to probably destroy its value. 
Both strike and dip joints occur. Imt the former are most 
pronounced. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Spcnccr-Kelly property. In the southeast quarter 
of the southwest quarter of the section mentioned above, 
there is a quarry lOO feet along the strike and 15 feet into 
the hill, in the bottom of a ravine. It is in red slate, which 
dips into the hill to the north. The major joints are well 
developed strike joints, those showing being about 4 feet 
apart. The minor joints are irregular and quite close to- 
gether. From present indications, only small blocks could 
be quarried. The slate cleaves well w^ith fairly smooth sur- 
faces, is of good color, and is somewhat sonorous. The up- 
per 13 feet showing in the quarry is much disintegrated, the 
promising slate being in the lower part of the quarry. 
Sheets of slate on the dump 18 inches square and a quarter 
of an inch tliick do not show signs of weathering. They 
had been out about a year at the time visited. The indica- 
tions are that this is a superior quality of the red slate. 

(A. H. Purdue). 



Slates of Arkansas S7 

The Gulf Slate Company's property. In or near Sec. 
12, 3 S., 29 W., the north part of the southeast quarter, is 
a quarry 40 by 50 feet. The depth could not be made out, 
as the quarry was full of water at the time of the writer's 
visit. It is on the north slope of the same ridge, and the 
slate belongs to the same formation as in the last two men- 
tioned quarries. The beds dip 35 degrees north, 20 de- 
grees west. Forty feet of the upper part (stratigraphically) 
is so weathered as to be worthless. The lower part that 
can be seen above the water appears better, but is intersected 
by numerous joints oblique to the cleavage. Some fine 
looking blocks which must have been taken from the bot- 
tom, were on the dump. 

(A. H.. Purdue). 

The Atlas Slate Company's property. In Sec. 11, 3 
S., 29 W., there is a quarry on the north slope of the hill at 
an elevation of 1350 feet. The dip is about 45 degrees to 
the north, the bedding planes forming the inner face of the 
quarry, which is about 100 feet square. The opening is in 
the red slate and both red and green slate occur, the latter 
being along and near large joints into which water had free 
access. The joints are irregular and so numerous as to pre- 
clude the quarrying of large blocks. In both the red and the 
green slate the cleavage is excellent, but neither is sono- 
rous. 

This quarry was opened in 1900 and the work contin- 
ued for about a year. It is reported that about 40 squares 

of shingles were produced. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Standard Slate Company's property. Up the hill 
immediately to the west of the quarry above described, at 
the height of 1400 feet, there is another quarry 125 feet 
with the strike and 50 feet wide. It is in red slate. The 
upper 30 feet (stratigraphically) is much weathered. Be- 
low this is about 12 feet of solid red slate intersected with 



88 Geologicai, Survey oe Arkansas 

strike and dip joints, but so infrequent as to make it possi- 
ble to quarry blocks 3 by 4 feet long. The slate is not sono- 
rous, and the cleavage poor, but it is well suited for milling 
slate, provided it can be worked without loss from checking. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The Andrews and Harrington property. In Sec. 15, 
3 S., 29 W., the northeast quarter, there is a small opening' 
in a ravine at the height of 1250 feet, and 150 yards north 
of the public road. The opening is 6 feet with the strike 
and 30 feet with the dip, which is 26 degrees north, 15 de- 
grees west. Very black slate shows throughout the whole 
course of the opening, the depth of which does not exceed 
two feet. Dip and strike joints occur and are so near to- 
gether as to make it difficult to secure blocks large enough 
for shingles. 

Judging from the dump, this slate is easily cleavable, 
with comparatively smooth surfaces, is highly sonorous, and 
has good strength. Certain of the layers are thickly set 
with graptolite fossils. This slate is closely associated with 
the Bigfork chert, and is either the Stringtown shale or the 
upper part of the Ouachita shale. The apparently excellent 
quality of this slate would justify further prospecting in this 
vicinity for parts that are not so much jointed. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

• Name of ozvner unknozvni. In Sec. 24, 3 S., 29 W., 
the south half of the southeast quarter, there is an opening 
in the Stanley shale in a ravine running south from the 
top of the ridge. The dip is about 18 degrees north, and 
into the hill. The opening is about 25 feet across the strike 
with a face of 4 feet showing at the inner end. Both dip 
and strike joints occur, the latter being most pronounced. 
The cleavag'e is splendid, and the slate quite sonorous. Both 
black and gray slate occur. Slabs that have been on the 
dump for more than a year, show no signs of disintegration. 

(A. H. Purdue). 



Slates oe Arkansas 89 

Name of 07vner iinknomm. In Sec. 25, 3 S., 29 W,, 
northwest quarter of the northwest quarter, there is a small 
prospect in a ravine in the Stanley shale. The slate dips 
into the hill to the north. It is both gray and black in color. 
The black is of a uniform color, cleaves with an even sur- 
face, is sonorous, and slabs that have been on the dump for 
two years have not perceptibly weathered. This slate ap- 
pears to be of good quality but the opening is so small that 
the amount can not be made out. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

Tlic Brannon property. In Sec. 25, 3 N., 29 W., the 
northeast quarter of the northeast quarter, there is a small 
opening in a ravine, and at the base of the ridge to the 
north. The rocks dip 30 degrees north, 10 degrees east 
into the hill. The slate is black and gray in different beds, 
cleaves well, is sonorous, and appears to withstand weather- 
ing, but jointing is so frequent as to make its value doubt- 
ful. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

The South Wales Slate Company's property. In Sec. 
24, 3 S., 29 W., in the southwest quarter, there is a small 
opening in the red slate, at the head of a ravine, and on the 
north slope of the mountain. The dip of the cleavage is 29 
degrees north, 10 degrees west, which appears to be with 
the bedding. The cleavage is very good, it being possible 
to split blocks 2 feet square into sheets one-fourth inch thick. 
There occur remarkably straight dip and strike joints from 
2 to 10 feet apart, and it appears that blocks of any size de- 
sired could be quarried. The slate in the quarry is of a uni- 
form pea green, though the red occurs in abundance just 
above the quarry. A few of the layers contain nests of iron 
sulphide crystals, but these do not appear to be numerous 
enough to materially injure the slate. 

Should it ever become desirable to open up this quarry 
on a large scale, there is all reason to believe that slate 



90 



Geologicai, Survey of Arkansas 



equally good with that now exposed, could be obtained in 
large quantity in the hill both east and west of the ravine. 
Fig. 7 shows the structure at this locality. 

(A. H. Purdue). 




M i^ 



Fig. 7. Showing the structure at the South Wales Slate Company's 

Quarry. 

Name of owner unknozmi. In Sec. 22, 3 S., 29 W., 
there are two small openings in the southwest quarter of the 
southwest quarter, in a small east-west ravine. The rock is 
black to gray Stanley shale, interbedded with sandstone. 
Red slate occurs up on the hillside, south of the ravine, and 
also near the head of the ravine. 

(A. H. Purdue). 



RANGE 30 WEST 

Name of owner unknown. In Sec. 13, 3 S., 30 W., 
the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter, on the moun- 
tain side, at the height of 1400 feet, there is a quarry in" the 
red slate, 30 by 40 feet, and 20 feet deep. A road has been 
constructed up the mountain at considerable expense. The 
cleavage is parallel with the dip, which is 45 degrees north. 
The slate is green, brown and yellowish brown, which are 
colors derived from the weathering of the red, only a itw 
streaks of which are left. The part sought in quarrying was 
the green. Slabs of this of the size for large shingles have 
been left at the quarry for two years without weathering or 
checking. They are somewhat sonorous, and the cleavage 
is good. Dip joints are well developed, and are from 10 
inches to 2 feet apart. Strike joints are common, and are 



Slatks of Arkansas 91 

oblique to the cleavage. "Curl" is common in many parts 
of the quarry. 

(A. H. Purdue). 

RANGE 32 WEST 

Name of ozvner unknown. Near the center of Sec. 
2, 8 S., 32 W., about 100 yards south of a small stream in 
an east-west valley, there is a prospect in grayish black slate 
which occurs in the Stanley shale. This slate has a dip of 
about 20 or 30 degrees east of south and is three feet thick. 
Both above and below the slate there is greenish clay shale. 
The slate is readily cleavable, if we may judge from the ap- 
pearance of the thin pieces taken from the opening and scat- 
tered about over the surface. The cleavage surface is very 
smooth. Iron sulphide and other minerals are absent. Both 
strike and dip joints are developed. The strike joints are 5 
and 6 inches apart near the surface, but below the surface 
the frequency of their occurrence could not be determined 
on account of water in the opening. The dip joints are 5 
and 6 feet apart. 

(H. D. Miser). 



GLOSSARY OF GEOLOGICAL AND SLATE 
QUARRY TERMS.^ 

Anticline. The arch part of a folded bed. 

AnticUnorium. A mountain mass arch-shaped in its 
general internal structure. 

Authigcnous. Minerals originating chemically with- 
in a rock are called authigenous. 

Back Joint. Joint plane more or less parallel to the 
strike of the cleavage and frequently vertical. 

Bed. A continuous mass of material deposited under 
water at about one time. 

Blind Joint. Obscure bedding plane. 
Bottom Joint. Joint or bedding plane horizontal or 
nearly so. 

Breccia. Rock made up of angular fragments pro- 
duced by crushing and then recemented by infiltrating min- 
eral matter. 

Brecciatcd. Applied to a rock made up of angular 
fragments but not transported. 

Clastic. Constituted of rocks or minerals which are 
fragments derived from other rocks. 

Cleave. Slaty cleavage. 

Conformity. When two beds overlie in parallelism 
without any disturbance of the crust having affected the 
first one before the deposition of the second, they are said 
to be in conformity. 

Curl. Small crumples or wrinkles, that split up with 
the cleavage and the grain into small prisms. 



*From Bulletin No. 275, U. S. Geol. Surv. pp. 146-7. 



Glossary. 93 

Diagonal Joints. Joints diagonal to the strike of the 
cleavage. 

Dip. The degree and the direction of the inclination 
of a bed, cleavage plane, joint, etc. 

Dip Joints. Vertical joints about parallel to the direc- 
tion of the cleavage dip. 

Dike. Molten material erupted through a narrow fis- 
sure. 

End Joint. Vertical joint about parallel to direction 
of the cleavage dip. 

Erosion. The "wear" of a rock surface by natural 
mechanical or chemical agencies. 

False Cleavage. A secondary slip cleavage superin- 
duced on slaty cleavage. 

Fault. A fracture resulting in a dislocation of the 
bedding or cleavage, one part sliding up or down, or both 
changing positions along the fracture. 

Flints. A term applied alike to quartz veins or beds 
or quartzite. 

Formation. A larger group of beds possessing some 
common general characteristics or fossil forms differing 
from those of the beds above and below. 

Grain. An obscure vertical cleavage usually more or 
less parallel to the end or dip joints. 

Hards. Term applied to beds of quartzite or quartzitic 
slate. 

Hogbacks. Shear zones. 

Isoclinal. Folds with sides nearly parallel are said to 
be isoclinal. 

Matrix. Term used in microscopic descriptions of 
slate, etc., to denote the chief substance of the slate itself, 
apart from the various mineral particles or crystals it may 
inclose. 



94 GeoIvOgical Survey of Arkansas 

Metamorphism. The process, partly physical, partly 
chemical, by which a rock is altered in the molecular struc- 
ture of its constituent minerals and frequently in the ar- 
rangement of its particles. 

Overlap. Where, owing to the depression of a coast 
and the consequent landward shifting of the shore line, the 
later marine sediments cover up the extremities of the older 
ones, there is said to be an overlap. 

Pitch. The inclination of the axis of a fold of rock. 
Post. A mass of slate traversed l:>v so many joints 

as to be useless. This term is also used to denote bands of 

hard rock. 

Pseudomorph. A mineral that has assumed the crystal 
form of a different mineral as the result of the partial or 
entire alteration or replacement of the original mineral 
through chemical processes. 

Qtiartsite. A sandstone in which the grains are held 
together by a silicious (quartz) cement. 

Ribbon. A line of bedding or a thin bed appearing on 
the cleavage surface, sometimes of a different color; or a 
small bed of quartzose or calcareous material either crossing 
or parallel to the cleavage. When such ribbons are sepa- 
rated by beds of slate too thin to be worked, the ribbons and 
the small beds are together designated as "ribbon." 

Sculping. Fracturing the slate along the grain, /'.. e., 
across the cleavage in the direction of the dip. 

Sericite. A ribbon-like or fibrous form of muscovite 
or potash mica. 

Shear Zone. Hogback. 

Slant. Longitudinal joint more or less parallel to 
cleavage and often slickensided. 

SHckcnsides. Surface of bed or joint plane along 
which the rock has slipped, polishing and grooving the sur- 
faces. 



Glossary 95 

Slip. Occasional joint crossing the cleavage, but of 
no great continuity. Slips are not infrequently fault planes. 

Slip Cleavage. Microscopic folding and fracture, ac- 
companied by slippage; quarrymen's "false cleavage." 

Split. Slaty cleavage. 

Stock. Useful slate taken from the quarry. 

Stratum. A bed. 

Stratification. Bedding, in distinction from cleavage. 

Strike. Direction at right angles to the inclination of 
a plane of bedding, cleavage, jointing, etc. 

Strike Joint. Joint parallel to the strike of the cleav- 
age. 

Sulphur. Iron pyrite. 

Syncline. The trough part of a fold of rock. 

Synclinorium. A mountain mass, in general internal 
structure trough shaped. 

Thick Joint. Two or more parallel joints between 
which the slate has been broken up or decomposed. 

Top. The weathered surface of a slate mass or the 
shattered upper part of it. 

Unconforniity. When the lower one of two contig- 
uous deposits affords evidence of having been exposed to 
atmospheric erosion before the deposition of the upper one, 
there is said to be an unconformity between them. 

Vein. When correctly used, denotes a more or less 
irregular, sometimes ramifying, mineral mass, often of 
quartz, with calcite, etc., within the slate. Such veins are 
called veins of segregation, to show that they consist of 
matter collected from the adjacent rock by solvent waters. 
But, as generally used by slate quarrymen, "vein" is the 
equivalent of bed or stratum. 

Wild Rock. Any rock not fit for commercial slate. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GEOLOGY OF 
ARKANSAS 

BY JOHN C. BRANNER 

The following authors' list includes nearly all the titles 
referring to the geology, mineralogy, and paleontology of 
the State. This list is a second edition of the one published in 
Vol. II of the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of 
Arkansas for 1891, Little Rock, 1894, Since the appearance 
of the first list, a great many new papers have appeared, and 
some old titles have been found, that were overlooked in 
making up the first edition. 

The names of authors of publications are arranged in 
alphabetic order. Newspaper articles are not included in the 
list except those published by W. F. Roberts in the Age of 
Steei, of St. Louis.. Those titles are listed chiefly because 
Mr. Roberts was at one time State Geologist of Arkansas, 
and, as he published no otificial report, the articles are be- 
lieved to represent his views of the geology of the State. 
There are included also a few official reports that have been 
published in newspapers only. 

Maps of the United States, on which attempts have 
been made to show the geology of Arkansas, are not men- 
tioned except in the cases of some of the earlier ones, such 
as Maclure's, Lyell's, Marcou's, Hitchcock's, Blake's and 
McGee's. Purely statistical information, such as may be 
found in census reports, is not attempted. 

AUTHORS AND TITLES. 

Adams, Geo. I. Physiography of the Arkansas Valley re- 
gion. Science, Mar. 30, 1900, Vol. XI, p. 508. (Ab- 
stract). 



98 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

Adams, Geo. I. The Carboniferous and Permian Age of 
I lie Red Beds of eastern Oklahoma from stratigraphic 
evidence. American Journal of Science, Nov., 1901, 
Vol. CLXII, pp. 383-386. 

Adams, Geo. I. Chapters on the physiography and geology 
[of the Ozark region] in a preliminary report on the 
lead and zinc deposits of the Ozark region, by H. F. 
Bain, etc. 22nd Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. 
Surv., Part II, ore deposits, pp. 69-94, Washington, 
1902. 

Adam's, Geo. I. Origin of bedded breccias in northern 
Arkansas. Science, May 15, 1903, Vol. XVII, pp. 792- 
793- 

Adams, Geo. I. Zinc and lead deposits of northern Ark- 
ansas. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bulletin, No. 21^, pp. 187- 
196, Washington, 1903. Same, Transactions of the 
Auwrican Institute of Mining Engineers, 1903, Vol. 
XXXIV, pp. 163-174, New York, 1904. 

Adams, Geo. I. Summary of the water supply of the Ozark 
region in northern Arkansas. Contributions to the hy- 
drology of eastern United States, 1904. Water Supply 
and Irrigation Paper, No. no, pp. 179-182, Washing- 
ton, 1905. 

Adams, Geo. I. Zinc and lead deposits of northern Ark- 
ansas, U. S. Geol. Surv. Professional Paper, No. 24. 
4°, Washington, 1904. (118 pp. ill.) 

Adams, Geo. I. See Taff, J. A. 

Adams, Geo. I. and Ulrich, E. O. Fayetteville folio (No. 
up) of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 1905. 

Adams, M. B. Erosive action of the Arkansas River at 
Fort Smith and Pine Bluff, Arkansas. House of Rep- 
resentatives Executive Document, No. 151, 48th Con- 
gress, I St Session, Washington, 1884. 



Bibliography 99 

AllENj Thomas. Semi-anthracite coal 100 miles west of 
Little Rock. Transactions of the American Institute 
of Mining Engineers, Vol. Ill, pp. 33-34, New York, 
1874. 

Andrews, E. B. (Millstone grit in Arkansas). American 
Journal of Science, 1875, Vol. CX, pp. 289-290. 

Angelrodt, E. C. (Vice-consul at St. Louis). Zinc in 
Lawrence County, Arkansas. Verhandlung der K. K. 
Reichsanstalt. Bericht vom 31 Juli, 1858, pp. 104-105. 

Anonymous. Arkansas anthracite coal. Enginc-ering and 
Mining Journal, Feb. 22, 1902, Vol. LXXIH, p. i-jy. 

Anonymous. Chalk of southwestern Arkansas. Stone, 
April, 1902, Vol. XXIV, pp. t,Z^-ZZ7, X^ew York, 1902. 

Anonymous. Bauxite mining in Arkansas. Engineering 
and Mining Journal, Feb. 28, 1903, Vol. LXXV, p. 

ZZ7- 
Anonymous. Developed phosphate deposits of northern 
Arkansas. Mineral Industry for 1907, Vol. XVI, p. 
771. X^ew York, 1908. (Quoted from American Fer- 
tilizer, Dec. 1907.) 

Anonymous. Caverns in the Ozarks. Science, Vol. 
XXVIII, Aug. 7, 1908, p. 171. 

Anonymous. Batesville oohtic marble. Stone, Vol. XXIX, 
pp. 345-346. Illustrated. X'^ew York, January, 1909. 

AsHi^EY, Geo. H. Geology of the Paleozoic area of Ark- 
ansas, south of the novaculite region. Proceedings of 
American Philosophical Society, Vol. XXXVI, X^'o. 
155, pp. 217-318, Fniladelphia, 1897. Also Bulletin 
XII, of Hopkins Seaside Laboratory, Palo Alto, 1897. 
Abstract in Annalse de Geographic, ymt Annee X^o. 35. 
Sept., 1898, Bibliographic de 1897, p. 245. 

Bache, F. The Arkansas-Indian Territory coal field. En- 
gineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXVI, pp. 390- 
392, ill. X^ew York, Sept. 12, 1903. 



loo Geologicai, Survey of Arkansas 

Bain, H. F. The Bonanza, Arkansas, coal mines. Engineer- 
ing and Mining Journal, Nov. 12, 1898, Vol. LXVI, 
PP- 579-580. 

Bain, H. F. The western interior coal field of America 
Transactions of the Institution of Mining Engineers, 
Vol. XVI, pp. 185-210, with map and ills., Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne, 1899. Also separate. 

Bain, H. F. Preliminary report on the lead and zinc de- 
^ posits of the Ozark region, by H. F. Bain, with an in- 
troduction by C. R. Van Hise and chapters on the 
physiography and geology by Geo. I. Adams. Extract 
from the 22nd Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. Surv., 
1900- 1901, Part II, ore deposits, pp. 23-227, Wash- 
ington, 1902. Abstract, Engineering and Mining Jour- 
nal, April 5, 1902, Vol. LXXIII, pp. 475-476. 

Bain, H. F. See Van Hise, C. R. 

Barney, Joshua. Report on a survey of a route for a 
railroad from the Valley of the Mississippi to the Pa- 
cific Ocean, commencing at St. Louis, Missouri. Exec- 
utive Document, No. 4p, Senate, 32nd U. S. Congress, 
P- 31- 

BauER^ M. Beitrdge mir Mineroalogic. Reige VII, pp. 
217-266. Abstract, Grotli's Zeitschijl fiir Krystal- 
lographie u. Mineralogic, Vol. XXII, pp. 290-292, 
Leipzig, 1894. 

Bell, Alonzo. Extracts from report on the hot springs of 
Arkansas made to the Secretary of the Interior, Wash- 
ington, 1883, 14 pp. 

Bell, John. The mineral and thermal springs of the 
United States and Canada, Philadelphia, 1855. 

Berger, W. F. B. Bauxite in Arkansas. Engineering and 
Mining Journal, Vol. LXXVII, pp. 606-607. 1904. 



Bibliography ioi 

Bertrand,, E. Proprietes optiqiies de la Variscite de I'Ark- 
ansas. Bulletin Socictc Mincralogiqice de France, 1882, 
Vol. V. pp. 253-254. Abstract, Neues Jahrbuch filr 
Mineralogie, 1884, Vol. i, Referate, 24. Abstract, 
Groth's Zeitsclirift filr Krystallographie i'l. Mineral- 
ogie, Vol. IX, p. 590, Leipzig, 1884. 

BlaisdelL:, a. H. Report on Fourche la Fave^ Arkansas. 
United States Army, Chief of Engineers Report for 
1872, pp. 387-390, Washington, 1872. 

Blaisdell, a, H. [Report on Black River from Poplar 
Bluff, Missouri, to Pocahontas, Arkansas.] United 
States Army, Chief of Engineers Report, for 1872, pp. 
378-381, Washington, 1872. 

Blake, W. P. Observations on the geology of the route 
from the Mississippi River to the base of the Santa Fe 
and Albuquerque Mountains. Reports of explorations 
and surveys . . . for a railroad from the Missis- 
sippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Vol. Ill, Part IV, pp. 
I1-14, Washington, 1856. 

Blake, W. P. The lead- and zinc-deposits of the Missis- 
sippi Valley. Transactions Anucrican Institute of Min- 
ing Engineers, Vol. XXII, pp. 621-646. New York, 
1894. This paper was also published as a separate 
under the title : The existence of faults and dislocations 
in the lead and zinc regions of the Mississippi Valley, 
with observations upon the genesis of the ores. 

Blake, W. P. See Hitchcock, C. H. Also see Marcou. 

BoLTwooD, Bertram B. On the radio-active properties of 
the waters of the hot springs on the Hot Springs Reser- 
vation, Hot Springs, Arkansas. American Journal of 
Science, Vol. CLXX, pp. 128-132, August, 1905. 

Boyd, Robert. Report of the Inspector of Mines, in Fifth 
Biennial Report from the Bureau of Mines, Manufac- 



I02 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

tures., etc., of the State of Arkansas, for 1897- 1898, 
Little Rock, n. d. (1898) pp. 71-120. 

BrackEnridge, H. M. Salines on the Arkansas. Pittsburg 
American Spearx Bichbaum, 1814, Baltimore, 1817. 

Brackett, Richard N. Sanitary water analysis. Annual 
Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1891, 
Vol. I, pp. 121-138. 

Brackett, Richard N. See Branner and Brackett. 

Brackett, Richard N. and Williams, J. F. Newtonite 
and rectorite — two new minerals of the kaolinite group. 
American Journal of Science, Vol. CXLII, pp. 11 -21, 
July, 1 89 1. Ahsirsict, N cues J ahrbuck fUr Mineralogie, 
etc., 1894, Vol. I; Referate 38-39. Abstract. Groth's 
Zeitschrift filr Krystallographe n. Mineralogie, Vol. 
XXII, pp. 429-431, Leipzig, 1894. Abstract, Bulletin 
Societe Geologique de France. Vol XVII, pp. 65-66, 
Paris, 1894. 

Bradbury, John. Travels in the interior of America in 
1809- 181 1, London, 181 7. 

Branner, John C. State Geologist. Annual Report of 
the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1887, Adminis- 
trative Report. Pamphlet, 10 pp., Little Rock, 1887. 

Branner, John C. The so-called gold and silver mines of 
Arkansas ; an official report to Gov. S. P. Hughes. 
Arkansas Gazette, August 9, 1888. Bngineering and 
Mining Journal, Vol. XLVI, pp. 128-129. New York, 
August 18, 1888. 

Branner, John C. Arkansas gold and silver mines; an 
official report to Gov. S. P. Hughes in reply to certain 
charges. Arkansas Gazette, October 18, 1888. Ark- 
ansas Democrat, October 18, 1888. Engineering and 
Mining Journal, New York, October 20, 1888. 

[Note: In the cases of the following annual re- 
ports of the Geological Survey of Arkansas, the work 



BiBUOGRAPHY 103 

was done under the direction of J. C. Branner by the 
authors whose names are given.] 

Branner^ John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. I, Report upon the 
geology of western central Arkansas, with especial ref- 
erence to gold and silver, by Theo. B. Comstock, xxxi, 
320 pp., 2 maps, Little Rock, 1888. 

Branner^ John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. II, The Neozoic geol- 
ogy of southwestern Arkansas, by R. T. Hill, xiv, 319 
pp., I map, Little Rock, i! 



Branner^ John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. III. The geology of 
the coal regions ; a preliminary report upon a portion of 
the coal regions of Arkansas, by Arthur Winslovv, x, 
122 pp., map. Little Rock, i< 



Branner, John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. IV, Part I, The geology 
of Washington County, by Frederick W. Simonds; 
Part II, A list of the plants of Arkansas, by John C. 
Branner and F. V. Coville, xiv, 262 pp., i map. Little 
Rock, 1 89 1. 

Branner, John C. On the manufacture of Portland ce- 
ment. {Annual Report of the Geological Surve\ of 
Arkansas for 1888, Vol. II, pp. 291-302), Little Rock, 
1888. Contains tables of analyses of Arkansas chalks 
and clays. 

Branner, John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1889, Vol. II, The geology of 
Crowley's Ridge, by R. Ellsworth Call, xix, 283 pp., 
2 maps, Little Rock, 1891. 

Branner, John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. I, Manganese: Its uses. 



I04 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

ores and deposits, by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., xxvii, 642 
pp., 3 maps, Little Rock, i8qi. 

Branner^ John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. II, The igneous rocks of 
Arkansas, by J. Francis Williams, xv, 457 pp., 6 maps, 
Little Rock, 1891. 

Branner^ John C. Animal Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. Ill, Whetstones and 
the novaculites of Arkansas, by L. S. Griswold, xx, 443 
pp., 2 maps, Little Rock, 1892. 

BrannER, John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. IV, Marbles and other 
limestones, by T. C. Hopkins, xxiv, 443 pp., 6 maps. 
Little Rock, 1893. 

Branner^ John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1891, Vol. I, The mineral waters 
of Arkansas, viii, 144 pp., map. Little Rock, 1892. 

Branner, John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1891, Vol. II, Miscellaneous re- 
ports : Benton County ; elevations ; river observations ; 
magnetic observations ; mollusca ; myriapoda ; fishes ; 
geology of Dallas County, 2 maps, xii, 349 pp., Little 
Rock, 1894. 

Branner, John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1892, Vol. I, The iron deposits of 
Arkansas, by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., xii, 153 pp., map. 
Little Rock, 1892. 

Branner, John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1892, Vol. II, The Tertiary geol- 
ogy of southern Arkansas, by Gilbert D. Harris, xvi, 
207 pp., map, Morrilton. 1894. 

Branner^ John C. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1892, Vol. V, The zinc and lead 



Bibliography 105 

region of north Arkansas. 419 pp., 90 cuts and 39 
plates, and i atlas of 7 maps, Little Rock, 1900. 

Branner, John C. The age of the crystalline rocks of 
Arkansas. Abstract, Proceedings of the American As- 
sociation for the Advancement of Science, Vol. 
XXXVII, p. 188, 1888. 

Branner, John C. A preliminary statement of the distri- 
bution of coal over the area examined by the Geological 
Survey (of Arkansas). Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock, 
February 13, 1889. 

Branner, John C. Analyses of Fort Smith clay shales. 
Brick, Tile, and Pottery Gazette, Vol. X, X'^o. 3, p. 114, 
June, 1889. 

Branner, John C. The building stones of Arkansas. 

Stone, Vol. II, pp. 92-93, Indianapolis, October, 1889. 
Branner, John C. Clays for paving bricks at Fort Smith, 

Fort Smith, 1889. 

Branner, John C. Some of the mineral resources of 
northwestern Arkansas. Arkansas Gazette, January 
12, 1890; Arkansas Press, January 19, 1890. 

Branner^ John C. A preliminary report upon the bauxite 
deposits of Arkansas, with locations and analyses. 
Arkansas Gazette, January 8, 1891 ; Arkansas Press, 
Little Rock, January 12, and several other issues, 1891. 
Also in ^d Biennial Report of Commissioner of Mines, 
Manufactures and Agriculture for 1893-1894, pp. 119- 
126; 4th Biennial Report of the same for 1895-1896, 
pp. 105-112, and 6th Biennial Report for 1899-1900, 
pp. 168-173, Little Rock, 1 90 1. 

Branner, JohnC. Report of the Superintendent of the 
Hot Springs Reservation to the Secretary of the In- 
terior, Washington, 1891. Analyses of Hot Springs 
waters, pp. 9-16. 



io6 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

BrannEr, John C. Bauxite in Arkansas. American Geol- 
ogist, March, 1 891, pp. 181- 183. 

BrannER, John C. The coal fields of Arkansas. In 
Mineral Resources of the United States, calendar year, 
1892, pp. 303-306, Washington, 1893. 

Branner, John C. Observations upon the erosion in the 
hydrographic basin of the Arkansas River above Little 
Rock. The Wilder Quarter-Century Book, pp. 325-337^ 
Ithaca, New York, 1893; separate; also in Annual Re- 
port of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1891, 
Vol. II, pp. 153-166. Extract in Transactions of the 
American Society Civil Engineers, Vol. XXXVI, 1896, 

PP- 330-331- 

Branner, John C. The geological surveys of Arkansas, 
Journal of Geology, November-December, 1894, Vol. 
II, pp. 826-836. 

Branner, John C. Report on road-making materials in 
Arkansas. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of 
Road Inquiry, Bulletin No. 4, n pp. Washington, 
1894. Also 5th Biennial Report from, the Bureau of 
Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture for 1897- 1898, 
pp. 131-141. 

Branner, John C. The phosphate deposits of Arkansas. 
Transactions of American Institute of Mining Engi- 
neers, 1896, Vol. XXVI, pp. 580-598, I map, 1896. 
Abstract, Mining, Vol. Ill, pp. 92-93, Spokane, Wash- 
ington, March, 1897. Abstract, Journal of Geology, 
Vol. V, 1897, p. 856. Abstract, Annates Geographic, 
yme Annee, pp. 245-246, Paris, September, 1898. 
Technology Quarterly, Vol. XI, p. 51, Boston, 1898. 

Branner, John C. Thickness of the Paleozoic sediments 
in Arkansas. American Journal of Science, September. 
1896, pp. 229-236 and geological map of the state. 



Bibliography . 107 

Branner, John C. Road-making materials in Arkansas; 
a report (with map, which was not pnbHshed) made 
to Hon. W. G. Vincenheller, Commissioner of Mines, 
Manufactures, and Agriculture. Fourth Biennial Re- 
port from the Bureau of Mines, Mamifactiires, and 
Agriculture, pp. 99-101, Little Rock, 1896. 

Branner, John C. Introduction to Ashley's geology of 
the Paleozoic area of Arkansas south of the novaculite 
region. Proceedings American Philosophical Society,. 
Vol. XXXVI, No. 155, pp. 217-220, Philadelphia, 
1897. 

Branner^ John C. The former extension of the Appa- 
lachians across Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. 
American Journal of Science, November, 1897, Vol. 
CLIV, pp. 357-371. Abstract, Reports of the British 
Association for the Advancement of Science, Toronto 
meeting, 1897, pp. 643-644. Abstract, Annates de Ge- 
ographic, yme. Annee, No. 35, 15 September, 1898, pp. 
245-246. Abstract in Nature, November 18, 1897, Vol. 
LVII, p. 70. Abstract by A. H. Purdue, Journal of 
Geology, October-November, 1897, Vol. V, pp. 759- 
760. 

Branner^ John C. The cement-materials of southwest 
Arkansas. Transactions of the American Institute of 
Mining Engineers, 1897, Vol. XXVII, pp. 42-63, 5 
cuts and map. Reprinted in part in Arkansas Democrat, 
twice-a-week edition, Little Rock. May 10, 1897. 
Quoted by H. Ries in i^th Annual Report of the U. S. 
Gcol. Surv., Pt. VI, continued, pp. 470-471. 

Branner, John C. The bauxite deposits of Arkansas. 
Journal of Geology, Vol. V, No. 3, April-May, 1897, 
pp. 263-289, 2 maps and 2 cuts. This paper was also 
issued as a separate with postscript containing 10 
pages of extra matter showing the distribution of 



io8 GeoIvOGicaIv Survey oe Arkansas 

bauxite in Arkansas. Review, Technology Quarterly, 
Vol. X, September, 1897, p. 117. 

Branner, John C. Mineral wealth of Arkansas. Hngi- 
neering mid Mining Journal, Vol. LXIV, p. 153, New 
York, August 7, 1897. 

BrannER^ John C. A letter concerning the unpublished 
reports of the State Geological Survey. The Batesville 
Gnurd, Batesville, Arkansas, September 3CI, 1897. 

Branner, John C. Reply to criticism of R. T. Hill, on 
"The cement deposits of Arkansas." Transactions 
American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXVII, 
pp. 944-946, New York, 1897. 

Branner^ John C. Geology in its relations to topography. 
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil En- 
gineers. Preliminary edition. No. 8, October, 1897, pp. 
473-498. With discussion, Vol. XXXIX, June, 1898, 
PP- 53"78» 94-95- 'The same article in Beahan's Held 
practice of railway location, pp. 11 5- 141, New York, 
1904. 

BrannER, John C. Arkansas phosphate rocks. Arkansas 
Democrat, semi-weekly. Little Rock, November 3, 
1901 ; Harrison Times, Harrison, Arkansas, Jan. 18, 
1902. 

Branner, John C. The zinc and lead deposits of north 
Arkansas. Transactions of the American Institute of 
Mining Engineers, Vol. XXXI, pp. 572-603, New 
York, 1902. Lead and Zinc Nezvs, Vol. II, pp. 4-6, St. 
Louis, Nov. 4, Nov. II, Nov. 18, Nov. 25, 1901. Ab- 
stract, Annates de Geographic, Vol. XI, Biblographie, 
p. 271, Paris, 1902. 

Branner, John C. The Missouri and Arkansas zinc re- 
gion. Discussion of Eric Hedburg's paper on the Mis- 
souri and Arkansas zinc mines. Transactions of the 



Bibliography 109 

American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXXI, 
pp. 1013-1014, Xew York, 1902. 

BrannEr, John C. Geography of Arkansas. Appendix to 
Maury's new complete geography. University Publish- 
ing Company, New York, 1907. (Most of the parts 
on geology and physical geography are by this autiior. ) 

BrannER, John C. The clays of Arkansas. Bulletin No. 
S3I of the U. S. Gcol. Surv., 8 ill., 247 pp. and geolog- 
ical map of Arkansas, Washington, 1908. 

Branner, John C. Some facts and corrections regarding 
the diamond region of Arkansas. Engineering and 
Mining Journal, Vol. LXXXVII, pp. 371-372, New 
York, Feb. 13, 1909. 

Branner, John C, and CovillE,, F. V. A list of the 
plants of Arkansas. Annual Report of the Geological 
Survey of Arkansas, for 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 155-242. 

Branner, John C, and Brackett, Richard N. The peri- 
dotite of Pike County, Arkansas. American Journal of 
Science, Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 50-56, 1889. The same is 
reproduced in the Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas, for 1890, Vol. II, pp. 377-391- Ab- 
stract, Nenes Jahrhuch fiir Mineralogie, 1893, Vol. I, 
pp. 500-501. Proceedings of the American Association 
for the Advancenuent of Science, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 
188-189, 1889. 

Branner, John C, and Newsom, J. F. The Red River 
and Clinton monoclines, Arkansas. American Geolo- 
gist, July, 1897, Vol. XX, pp. 1-13. 

Branner, John C. and Derby, O. A. On the origin of 
certain silicious rocks (novaculites). Journal of Geol- 
ogy, 1898, Vol. VI, pp. 366-371. 

Branner. John C. and Newsom, J. F. The phosphate 
rocks of Arkansas. Bulletin No. 14, Arkansas Agricul- 



no Geological Survey of Arkansas 

tural Experiment Station, (n. pi.) 1902. (pp. 61-123). 
Review, Engineering and Mining Journal, October 25, 
1902, Vol. LXXIV, p. 553. Review, Experiment Sta- 
tion Record, January, 1903, Vol. XIV, p. 430, Wash- 
ington, 1903. 

Breithaupt, August. Mineralogische Beschreibung des 
Arkansits. Poggendorif's Annalen, Band LXXXVII, 
1849, p. 302; Vol. CLIII, 1849; Vol. CUV, 1849. 

Bringier^ L. Notices of the geology, mineralogy, topog- 
raphy, productions, and aboriginal inhabitants of the 
regions around the Mississippi and its confluent waters 
in a letter from L. Bringier, Esq., of Louisiana, to Rev. 
Elias Cornelius. American Journal of Science, Vol. Ill, 
pp. 15-46, Xew Haven, 1821. 

Britton^ J. Blodgett. Lignite near Camden, along the 
Ouachita River. Transactions of the American Insti- 
tute of Mining Engineers, Vol. I, pp. 223-224. X^ew 
York, 1872. 

Broadhead, G. C. X^ote on Coal measure fucoids. Amer- 
ican Journal of Science, third series, Vol. CII. p. 216. 
Xew Haven, 1871. 

Broadhead_, G. C. The geological history of the Ozark up- 
lift. American Geologist, Vol. Ill, pp. 6-13. 

Broadhead, G. C. Geological history of the Missouri Pal- 
eozoic. American Geologist, December, 1894, Vol. 
XIV, pp. 380-388. (Includes north Arkansas.) 

Broadhead, G. C. The Ozark uplift and growth of the 
Missouri Paleozoic. Missouri G-eological Survey, Vol. 
XII, pp. 391-409, Jefferson City, 1898. 

Broadhead, G. C. The Xew Madrid earthquake. American 
Geologist, Vol. XXX, pp. 76-87, Minneapolis, August, 
1902. 



Bibuography III 

Brown^ Samue;l R. The Western Gazetteer and Emi- 
grant's Dictionary, Auburn, New York, 1817. 

Brush, George; J. See Smith, J. Lawrence, and Brush. 
George J. 

Bry, R. M. North Louisiana and Arkansas. DeBozv's Re- 
viezv, Vol. V, 1858. 

Burchard, E. F. Glass sand of the Middle Mississippi 
Basin, Bulletin No. 285, U. S. Geol. Surv., Washing- 
ton, 1905. (Arkansas glass sands, p. 470.) 

Burgess, Jas. L., and EivY, Chas. W. Soil survey of Con- 
way County, Arkansas. Advance sheets, field observa- 
tions of the Bureau of Soils, 1907. U. S. Department 
of Agriculture, Washington, June 10, 1908. 8° 23 pp. 
and map. 

Byram, Wm. (Report on Pine Bluff and vicinity) United 
States Army, Chief of Bngineers, Annual Report for 
1 88 1, part 2, p. 504, Washington, 1881. 

Cale, R. Eeesworth. The geology of Crowley's Ridge. 
Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 1887- 
1889, p. 52, February, 1889. (Abstract.) 

Call, R. Ellsworth. On the geology of eastern Arkan- 
sas. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science for 
1887, 1888, 1889, pp. 85-90. 

Call, R. Ellsworth. The geology of Crowley's Ridge. 
Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas 
for 1889, Vol. II, pp. 1-223, with maps and eight plates, 
Little Rock, 1891. 

Call, R. Ellsworth. The Tertiary silicified woods of 
eastern Arkansas. American Journal of Science. No- 
vember, Vol. CXLII, pp. 394-401, New Haven, 1891. 

Call, R. Ellsworth. On the induration of certain Ter- 
tiary sandstones of northeast Arkansas, Proceedings 
of the Indiana Academy of Science, 1893, Vol. Ill, pp. 
219-224 and map. 



112 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

Campbell, M. B. The classification of coals. Bi-Monthly 
BtiUetin of tJie American Institute of Mining Engi- 
neers, No. 5, pp. 1033-1049, New York, Sept., 1905. 
(Includes Arkansas coals.) 

Care, E. p. See Martin, J. O. 

Carnot_, Adolphe. Sur la composition chimique des wavel- 
lites, etc. Coniptes Rendus de FAcademie des Sciences, 
Vol. CXVIII, pp. 995-996, Paris, 1894. Abstract, 
Groth's Zeitschrift fiir Krystallo graphic u. Mineral- 
ogie, Vol. XXVI, p. 108, Leipzig-, 1896. 

Case, T. S. Editorial excursion [to Hot Springs, Arkan- 
sas]. Western Reviezv of Science, Indiana, 1877, Vol. 
I, pp. 254-256. (Analysis by Larkin.) 

Chance^ H. M. Geology of the Choctaw coal-fields. Trans- 
actions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 
Vol. XVIII, pp. 651-653, New York, 1890. Contains 
notes on Arkansas coals. 

Chance, H. M. The Rush Creek zinc district. Transactions 
of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. 
XVIII, pp. 505-508, New York, 1890. 

Chapman, W. Albert. Natural resources of Boone and 
Marion counties, Arkansas, Lead Hill, Arkansas, 1889. 
Pamphlet, 16 pp. Contains short accounts of the min- 
erals of these counties. 

Chapman, W. Albert. Natural resources of Boone and 
Marion counties, Arkansas. 2nd edition, no pp., Lit- 
tle Rock, 1894. 

Chapman, W. Albert. Ancient grooved rocks in Arkan- 
sas. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Nat- 
ural Sciences, Vol. VI, 1889-1897, pp. 29-32. 

Chapman, W. Albert. Extract from a mining report pub- 
lished in the 6th Biennial Report from, the Bureau of 
Mines, Manufactures, and Agricidture of the State of 
Arkansas for 1899-1900, p. 159, Little Rock, 1901. 



Bibliography • 113 

Chatard, J. M. Analysis of "tallow clay," from Arkansas. 
Bulletin No. po, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 64, Washington, 
1892. 

Chester, Albert H. (Zinkenite from Sevier County, Ark- 
ansas.) American Journal of Science, 3d series. Vol. 
CXXXIII, p. 287, New Haven, 1887. Abstract, 
Groth's Zeitschrift filr Krysfallographe u. Mineraiogie, 
Vol. XIV, p. 297, Leipzig, il 



Chester, Albert H. On the identity of the so-called pe- 
ganite of Arkansas Avith the variscite of Breithaupt and 
callainite of Damour. American Journal of Science, 
third series, Vol. CXIII, 1877, pp. 295-296. Analyses. 
Abstract, Groth's Zeitschrift filr Krystallograplie «. 
Mineraiogie, Vol. I, pp. 380-381, Leipzig, 1877. 

Claghorn, Clarence R. The preparation of Bernice an- 
thracite coal. Annual Report of the Geological Survey 
of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. Ill, pp. 93 et seq., Little 
Rock, li 



Clark, William Bullock. Correlation papers — Eocene : 
Bulletin No. 8^, U. S. Geol. Sun'. Brief discussion of 
the Eocene of Arkansas, pp. 74-75, Washington, 1891. 

Clarke, F. \N., and Schneider, E. A. Ueber die Constitu- 
tion einiger Glimmer, Vermiculite und Chlorite. 
Groth's Zeitschrift filr Jvrystallographie u. Mineraiogie, 
Vol. XIX, pp. 465-466. (Protovermiculite from Mag- 
net Cove.) 

ClEndEnning, J. H. (Sketch of the resources of) Sebas- 
tain County. First Biennial Report from the Bureau 
of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture, 1889 and 
1890, by M. F. Locke, pp. 152-154, Little Rock, (n. d.) 

Collier, Arthur J. The Arkansas coal field. Bulletin No. 

316, U. S. Geol. Sun'., pp. 137-160, Washington, 1907. 

Collier, Arthur J. The Arkansas coal field. Bulletin No, 



114 Geological Survey of Arkansas. 

^26, U. S. Geol. Surv., 8°, pp. 1-24; 35-158, Wash- 
ington, 1907. 

CoMSTocK, Theo, B. Report on the geology of western 
central Arkansas, with especial reference to gold and 
silver. Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Ark- 
ansas for 1888, Vol. I, 320 pp.. Little Rock, 1888. 

Conrad, T. A. Descriptions of eighteen new Cretaceous 
and Tertiary fossils, etc. Proceedings of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1855, Vol. VII, pp. 
265-268. Review, Neiies Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, 
etc., 1856, p. 480, Stuttgart, 1856. 

Conrad, T. A. Check list of the invertebrate fossils of 
North American Eocene and Oligocene. Sindthsonian 
Miscellaneous Collection, Vol. VII, Washington, 1867. 

Conrad, C. P. Silver in Arkansas, Engineering and Min- 
ing Journal, Vol. XXX, pp. 172, 186, 203-204, New 
York, 1880; reprinted, 19 pp., Little Rock, 1880. 

Cox_, Edward T. Report of a geological reconnaissance of 
a part of the State of Arkansas. First Report of a 
Geological Reconnaissance of Arkansas. By David 
Dale Owen, 1857-1858. pp. 201-244, Little Rock, 1858, 

Cox, Edward T. Second report of a geological reconnais- 
sance of a part of the State of Arkansas. Contained in 
the Second Report of the Geology of Arkansas, 1859- 
1860. By David Dale Owen. pp. 402-420, Philadel- 
phia, i860. 

CranEj W. R. Coal mining in Arkansas. Bngincering and 
Mining Journal, October 28, 1905, pp. 774-777. 

Crider, a. F. Drainage of wet lands in Arkansas by wells. 
Water Supply and Irrigation paper No. 160, U. S. 
Geol. Surv., pp. 54-58, Washington, 1906. 

D'AiLLY, R. H. A. Mines and Minerals of Pulaski and 
Saline counties, Arkansas. Transactions of the Arkan- 



BlBWOGRAPHY 115 

sas Society of Bngiiiccrs, Archifccfs and Surveyors, 
Vol. Ill, pp. 61-70, Little Rock. November, 1889. 

Dale, T. Nelson. Note on Arkansas roofing slates. Bul- 
letin No. 22fi, U. S. Gcol. Sun'., pp. 414-416, Wash- 
ington, 1904. 

Dale, T. Nelson. Microscopic analyses of Arkansas slate. 
Bulletin No. -'75. [/. S. Geol. Sun'., pp. 53-55. Wash- 
ington, 1906. 

Dana, James D. and Brush, George J. A system of min- 
eralogy. 5th edition, New York, 1875. List of Arkan- 
sas minerals, p. 786. 

Dana, Edward S. and Tames D. A text-book of mineral- 
ogy, New York, 1881 ; list of mineral localities, p. 470. 

Dana, Edward S. On the brookite from Magnet Cove, 

Arkansas. American Journal of Science, 3d series, Vol. 

CXXXII, pp. 314-317, New Haven, 1886; abstract, 

Groth's Zeitschrift fiir Krystallographie n. Mineralogie, 

Vol. XII, pp. 624-625, Leipzig, 1887. 
Dana, Edward S. Descriptive mineralogy, New York, 

1892. List of Arkansas minerals, p. 1082 ; sixth edition, 

p. 1082, New York, 1904. 
Daubeny, Charles. Notice of the thermal springs of 

North America, etc. American Journal of Science, Vol. 

XXXVI, pp. 88-93, New Haven, 1839. (Hot Springs.) 
Darton, N. H. Preliminary list of the deep bormgs in the 

United States. Part I, U. S. Geol. Surv. Water-supply 

and Irrigation Papers, No. 57, Washington. 1902. 

(Arkansas, p. 12). 2nd edition. Bulletin No. i^p, 

Washington, 1905. (Arkansas, pp. 11-14.) 
Davis, W. M. Southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana. 

Science, Vol. XXV, pp. 948-949, June 14, 1907. 
Davis, W. M. The Osage River and the Ozark uplift. 

Science, Vol. XXII, No. 563, November 17, 1893; pp. 

276-279. 



ii6 Geologicai, Survey of Arkansas 

Day, David T. Arkansas [bauxite], 21st Annual Report 
of the U. S. Geo!. Sun'., Part VI, p. 271, Washing- 
ton, 1901. 4°. 

Day, David T. Mineral Resources of flic United States. 
Calendar year 1886. U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 
1887. Statistics of the mineral products of Arkansas. 

(The Mineral Resources of the United States, pub- 
lished by the U. S. Geological Survey under the super- 
vision of Dr. David T. Day, are for the Calendar years 
from 1885 to and including 1893, and from 1900 to 
date. They all contain statistics of the mineral prod- 
ucts of the State of Arkansas.) 

De Bow, J. D. B. Resources of Arkansas. De Bozv's Re- 
viezv, Vol. IV, 1847; Lead in Marion County, Vol. VII, 
1849; Vol. X, 185 1 ; Vol. XI, 185 1. 

(De Bow, J. D. B.) The Hot Springs of Arkansas. De 
Bozv's Reviezv, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 86-94, New Orleans, 
1867. 

Demaret, L£on. Les principaux gisements de minerals de 
zinc des Etats Unis. Revue Univeselle des Mines, 
Vol. VI, 4 ser. pp. 221-256, Liege and Paris, 1904, 
(Arkansas, pp. 3-6). 

Denckla, W. p. See Washburn, J. W. 

Derby, Orvii<le A. See Branner and Derby. 

Des Cloizeaux, A. Memoire sur I'existence 'les proprietes 
optiques et crystallographiques, etc., etc., du microcline, 
etc. Annales de Chiniie et de Physique, 5 serie, Vol. 
IX, 1876. Abstract, Groth's'Zeitschrift fiir Krystallo- 
graphie 11. Mineralogie, Vol. I, pp. 76-81, Leipzig, 
1877. (Microcline from Magnet Cove.) 

DouGEAs; E. M. See Goode, R. M. 

DowLER, Bennett. Remarks on medical hydrology and 
mineral waters, including the Hot Springs of Arkansas. 
Nezv Orleans Medical Journal, i860, pp. 808-825. 



BiBUOGRAPHY 117 

Drake, N. F. A geological reconnaissance of the coal 
fields of the Indian Territory. Proceedings of the 
American Philosophical Society, Vol. XXXVI, pp. 326- 
419, with ills, and maps. References to Arkansas geol- 
ogy. A reprint published as Xo. XIV of "Contribu- 
tions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Labora- 
tory" Palo Alto, 1898. 

DuFFiEivD, W. W. See U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

Dunbar, Wm. and Hunter, Dr. Message from the Presi- 
dent . . . discoveries made in exploring the Mis- 
souri, Red River, and Washita, by Captains Lewis and 
Clark, Dr. Shelby and Mr. Dunbar. 178 pp., Washing- 
ton, 1806, pp. 116-171. (Dunbar and Hunter's paper 
gives the earliest description of the Ouachita region, 
the existence of lignite, the character of novaculite, 
analysis and temperature of the Hot Springs waters, 
quartz crystals, etc.) 

DuNNiNGTON, F. P. The minerals of a deposit of antimony 
ores in Sevier County, Arkansas. Proceedings of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science 
for 1877, Vol. XXVI, pp. 181-185, Salem, 1878. 

Du Pratz, Le Page. The History of Louisiana, or of the 
western parts of Virginia and Carolina : containing a 
description of the countries that lie on both sides of the 
River Mississippi : vrith an account of the settlements, 
inhabitants, soil, climate' and products. Translated 
from the French of M. Le Page Du Pratz. . . . 
A new edition, 8°, 387 pp., London, 1774. There was 
an earlier edition published in London in 1763. The 
original French edition was published in Paris in three 
volumes, 1758, under the title "Histoire de la Louis- 
iane." 

Du Pratz, Le Page. Histoire de la Louisiane. Contenant 
la Decouverte de ce vaste Pays, etc. Par M. Le. Page 
Du Pratz, three volumes. Paris, 1758. 



ii8 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

Eagle, James P. (Geological Survey). Biennial message 
of Governor James P. Eagle to the General Assembly 
of the State of Arkansas, pp. 12-15, Little Rock, 1893. 

Eakin^ L. G. (Analysis of kaolin from Garland County, 
Arkansas, 14 miles from Hot Springs.) Bulletin No. 
yS, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 120, Washington, 1891. 

Eakin, L. G. (Analysis of Ouachitite from Maple Spring, 
Garland County, Arkansas.) Bulletin No. 168, U. S. 
Geol. Surv., p. 60, Washington, 1900. 

Eckel, E. C. Portland cement resources of Arkansas. Bul- 
letin No. 242, U. S. Geol. Snri\, pp. 88-116, Wash- 
ington, 1905. 

Eckel, E. C. Location and character of deposits (of slate). 
Bulletin No. ^75, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 51-53, Wash- 
ington, 1906. 

Eckel, E. C. Clays of Garland County, Arkansas. Bulletin 
No. 28^, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1905, pp. 407-410, Wash- 
ington, 1906. 

Ely^ Chas. W. See Burgess, J. L. 

Emmons, S. F. Geological distribution of the useful metals 
in the United States. Transactions of the American 
Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXII, New York, 
1894. Manganese, pp. 97-98; zinc and lead, pp. 83-84. 

Engleman, George. (Notes on two syenite localities in 
Arkansas.) Added to Dr. H. King's paper, entitled, 
"Some remarks on the geology of the State of Mis- 
souri," in the Proceedings of the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science, Vol. V, pp. 199-201, 
Washington, 1851. 

FeathERSTONHaugh, G. W. Geological report of an ex- 
amination made in 1834, of the elevated country be- 
tween the Missouri and Red Rivers. Printed by order 
of House of Representatives, 97 pages and geological 
section. Washington, 1835. 



Bibliography 119 

Featherstonhaugh, G. W. Excursion through the slave 
states, from Washington on the Potomac to the frontier 
of Mexico; with sketches of popular manners and geo- 
logical notices. (Made in 1834-1835.) New York, 
Harper & Brothers, 1844. (Arkansas, pp. 88-134.) 
8°. (See also under Lyell.) 

FiTZHUGH, G. D. The Portland cement materials of south- 
western Arkansas. Bnginceriiig Association of the 
South, Transactions, Vol. XV. pp. 33-42, 1905. 

Florence, W. Darstellung mikroskopischer Krystalle in 
Lothrohrperlen, von W. Florence. Berg. u. Hiittenin- 
genieur in Sao Paulo. Neucs Jahrhuch fiir Mincral- 
ogic. Geologic u. Paldonfologie, Jahrg. 1898, Vol. IT, 
p. 142. (Reference to perofskite from Magnet Cove, 
Arkansas.) 

Foster, J. W. The Mississippi Valley; its physical geog- 
raphy, etc., Chicago. 1869. Arkansas geology, pp. 255, 
265, 275, 298. 

FrEch. Fritz. Lethaea geognostica. I. Theil. Lethaea 
paleozoica 2 Band. 4 Leiferung 376 h.-376 e., Stutt- 
gart, 1902. 

Fuller, John T. Diamond mine in Pike County, Arkan- 
sas, Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXXVII, 
pp. 152-155, New York, Jan. 16, 1909; pp. 616-617, 
Mar. 20, 1909. 

Fuller, M. L. and Sanford, Sam C. Record for deep-well 
drilling for 1905. Bulletin No. 2p8, U. S. Geol. Surv., 
Arkansas wells, pp. 34-39, Washington, 1906. 

Gannaway, C. B. (Geological report on) The county of 
Sebastian and the city of Fort Smith, pp. 19 to 26 of a 
pamphlet entitled '^Mineral Resources. The Valley of 
the Arkansas." Fort Smith, 1884 (36 pp). 

Gannett, Henry. Lists of elevations, principally in that 
portion of the United States west of the Mississippi 



120 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

River. U. S. Geol. Surv., Miscellaneous Publications, 
No. I, Washington, 1877. 

Gannett, Henry. A dictionary of altitudes in the United 
States. Bulletin N'o. 5, of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Wash- 
ington, 1884, 

Gannett, Henry. A dictionary of altitudes in the United 
States. Bulletin No. 76, of the U. S. Geol. Surv., 
Washington, 1891. 

Gannett, Henry. Magnetic declination in the United 
States, i/th Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Surv., Part I, 
Washington, 1896. Arkansas, pp. 257-259; pp. 310- 
313- 

Gannett, Henry. A dictionary of altitudes in the United 
States. 3d edition. Bulletin No. 160 of the U. S. Geol. 
Surv., Washington, 1899. (Arkansas, 38-45.) 

Gannett, Henry. Boundaries of the United States, and 
Territories, etc. Bulletin No. 171, U. S. Geol. Surv., 
Washington, 1900. (Arkansas, 112-114.) 

Garnett, Algernon S. A treatise on the Hot Springs of 
Arkansas, 44 pp., St. Louis, 1874. 

Genth, F. a. Contributions to mineralogy. Eudialyte, 
etc., from Magnet Cove, Arkansas. American Journal 
of Science, 3d ser.. Vol. CXLI, pp. 397-400, New 
Haven, 1891. Abstract, Groth's Zeitschrift fiir Krys- 
tallographie u. Mineralogie, Vol. XXH, pp. 412-414, 
Leipzig, 1894. 

Genth, F. A. (Natrolite from Magnet Cove.) American 
Journal of Science, 3d ser., Vol. CXLHL p. 189, New 
Haven, 1892. Abstract, Groth's Zeitschrift fiir Krys- 
tallo graphic u. Mineralogie, Vol. XXHI, p. 514. 

GiRTY, George H. The relations of some Carboniferous 
faunas. Proceedings Washington Academy of Science, 
Vol. Vn, pp. 1-26, Washington, 1906. 



Bibliography 121 

GiRTY, George H. Report on marine Carboniferous fossils 
from the coal fields of Arkansas. Bulletin No. ^26, U. 
S. G-eol. Snrv., pp. 31-35, Washington, 1907. 

Glover^ James. See Morris, H. C. 

GooDE, R. U. (and H. M. Wilson, J. H. Renshawe and E. 
M. Douglas.) [Results of spirit leveling in Arkan- 
sas.] Fiscal year 1900-1901. Bulletin No. 18 j, U. S.' 
Geol. Snrv., pp. 113-115, Washington, 1901. 

Griswold, L. S. Whetstones and the novaculites of Ark- 
ansas. Annual Report of the Geological Survey of 
Arkansas for 1890, Vol. Ill, 2 maps, 443 pp.. Little 
Rock, 1892. Abstract, Neues Jahrlmch fiir Mineral- 
ogie. Vol. II, 1896, pp. 81-83. 

Griswold, L. S. The novaculites of Arkansas. Proceed- 
ings of the American Association for the Advancement 
of Science, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 248-250, Salem, 1891. 

Griswold, L. S. Origin of the Lower Mississippi. Pro- 
ceedings Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. 
XXVI, pp. 474-479, Boston, 1895. Abstract in Annales 
de Geographic, 1895- 1896, Vol. V, p. 246. 

GriswoIvD, L. S. Indian quarries in Arkansas. Proceedings 
Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXVI, pp. 
25-26, Boston, 1895. 

Gurley, R. R. The geological age of the graptolite shales 
of Arkansas. Annual Report of the Geological Survey 
of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. Ill, pp. 401-423, Little 
Rock, 1892. 

Haddock, George. Report -of a geological reconnaissance 
of a part of the State of Arkansas. Pamphlet of 59 pp., 
Little Rock, 1873. [Very rare. I have one copy, and 
the U. S. Geol. Surv. Library at Washington has the 
only other of which I have any knowledge. J. C. B.] 



122 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

Hale, C. W. Exploration for gold in the central states. 
Proceedings of the Lake Sup-erior Mining Institute, 
1898. Vol. V, pp. 49-51. (pp. 3-5 of separate.) 

Harlan, R. Discovery of the remains of the Basilosaurus 
or Zeuglodon. Transactions of the Geological Society 
of London, second series. Vol. VI. pp. 67-68, London, 
1842. Specimen from "the marly banks of the Washita 
River, Arkansas territory." 

Harlan, R. See his medical and physical researches, 1835, 
P- 349- 

Harris, Gilbert D. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. IV, pp. 48, 56, yi, 74, 
89, 104 and 117, Little Rock. 1891. Observations upon 
the geology of Washington County. 

Harris, Gilbert D. The Tertiary geology of southern 
Arkansas. Annual Report of the Geological Survey of 
Arkansas for 1892, Vol. 11, 187 pp., map, Morrilton, 
1894. 

Harris, Gilbert D. The Midway Stage. Bulletin Amer- 
ican Paleontology, No. 4, 8°, 156 pp.. 15 plates, Ithaca, 
1896; Review in American Journal of Science, Vol. II, 
1896, p. 86; American Geologist, Vol. XVIII, 1896, 
pp. 183-184. 

Harris, Gilbert D. The Lignite Stage. Part I. Strati- 
graphy and Pelecypoda. Bulletins of Auicrican Pale- 
ontology, Vol. II, No. 9. June 15, 1897. xA.rkansas, 
pp. 10-13. 

Harris, Gilbert D. The Tertiary geology of the Missis- 
sippi embayment. A report on the geology of Louisi- 
ana, Baton Rouge, 1902. (pp. 5-39.) Many notes on 
Arkansas, (p. 8, geological section of eastern Arkan- 
sas.) 

Harris, G. D. Magnetic rocks. Science, New Ser.. Vol. 
XXIX, p. 384, New York, Mar. 5, 1909. 



Bibliography 123 

Harris, Gilbert D. See Veatch, A. C. 

Harvey, F. L. The minerals and rocks of Arkansas. 
Pamphlet, 32 pp., Philadelphia, 1886. 

Harvey, F. L. On Anthracomartus Trilobitus. Proceed- 
ings Academy of Natural Sci-euce, Philadelphia, 1886, 
pp. 231-232. (Says Arkansas coal is subconglomerate.) 

Haug. E. Etudes sur les Goniatites. Mem de la Societe 
Geologique de Prance. 18. Paleontologie, pp. 60-71. 
Paris, 1898. (Refers to the Goniatite beds of Arkan- 
sas.) 

Haworth, Erasmus. Relations between the Ozark uplift 
and ore deposits. Bulletin Geological Society of Amer- 
ica, Vol. XI, pp. 231-240, Rochester, 1900. 

Hay, O. p. The northern limit of the Mesozoic rocks in 
Arkansas. Annual Report of the Geological Survey of 
Arkansas for 1888, Vol. H, Little Rock, 1888, pp. 261- 
290. 

Hayes, C. W. Bauxite deposits of Arkansas. Extracts 
published in Mining and Metallurgy, June i, 1901, Vol. 
XXIV, pp. 328-329. 

Hayes, C. W. The bauxite deposits of Arkansas. 21st 
Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Siirv., Part III, pp. 435- 
472, Washing-ton, 1901. Review, Journal of Geology, 
November-December, 1901, Vol. IX, pp. 737-739. 

Hayes, C. W. The asphalt deposits of Pike County, Ark- 
ansas. Bngineering and Mining Journal, December 
13, 1902, Vol. LXXIV, p. yS2; also Bulletin No. 21 j, 
U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 353-355, Washington, 1903. 
Abstract, Mineral Industry, Vol. XI, p. 53, New York, 
1903. 

Haywood, J. K. Report of an analysis of the waters of 
the hot springs on the Hot Springs Reservation, Gar- 
land County, Arkansas. 57th Congress, ist Session, 
Senate Document, No. 282, Washington, 1902. 



124 GeologicaIv Survey oe Arkansas 

Hedburg, Eric. The Missouri and Arkansas zinc mines 
at the close of 1900. Transactions of the American In- 
stitute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXXI, pp. 379-404, 
ill., New York, 1902. 

Hedburg, Eric. (Communication in reply to Mr. Bran- 
ner) Transactions of the American Institute of Min- 
ing Engineers, Vol. XXXI, pp. 1022-1023, New York, 
1902. 

HeiIvPRIN, Angeeo. Contributions to the Tertiary geology 
and paleontology of the United States, pp. 32-33, Phil- 
adelphia, 1884. 

Heieprin^ AngeEO. The Tertiary geology of eastern and 
southern United States. Journal of the Philadelphia 
Academy of Natural History, 2nd ser.. Vol. IX, Phila- 
delphia, 1884. 

Henry, James P. Resources of the State of Arkansas, 
with description of counties, mines, and the city of 
Little Rock, 136 pp. and map. Little Rock, 1873. 

HershEy, O. H. The Devonian series in southwestern 
Missouri. American Geologist, Nov., 1895, Vol. XVI, 
pp. 294-300. 

HershEy, O. H. The river valleys of the Ozark plateau. 
American Geologist, December, 1895, Vol. XVI, pp. 

338-357- 

HershEy, O. H. On Ozark soil. Science, August 28, 
1896. 

HershEy, O. H. Correlation in the Ozark region : a cor- 
rection. American Geologist, Sept., 1899. Vol. XXIV, 
pp. 190-192. 

HershEy, O. H. Peneplains of the Ozark highland. Amer- 
ican Geologist, Jan., 1901, Vol. XXVII, pp. 25-41. 



Bibliography 125 

HershEy, O. H. Boston Mountain physiography. Journal 
of Geology, Vol. X, pp. 160-165. Chicago, Feb.-Mar., 
1902. 

Hess, F. L. The Arkansas antimony deposits. Bulletin 
No. J40, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 241-256, Washington, 
1908. 

Hidden, Wm. Earl. On two masses of meteoric iron of 
unusual interest. The Independence County, Arkansas, 
meteorite. A'lnerican Journal of Science, third series, 
Vol. CXXXI, pp. 460-463, New Haven, 1886. 

Hidden, Wm. Eare. A recently discovered meteorite iron 
from Independence County, Arkansas. School of 
Mines Quarterly, Vol. VII, pp. 188- 191, New York, 
1886. 

Hidden, Wm. Eare and Mackintosh, J. B. Eudialyte 
( ?) from an Arkansas locality. American Journal of 
Science, 3d ser., Vol. CXXXVIII, p. 494, New Haven, 
1889. Abstract, Groth's 'Zeitschi'ift filr Kry^taUo- 
graphie u. Mineralogie, Vol. XIX, p. 654, Leipzig, 
1891. 

Hiegard, E. W. On the geological history of the Gulf of 
Mexico. American Naturalist, Vol. V, pp. 514-518, 
Salem, Mass., 1871. 

Hiegard, E. W. and Hopkins, F. V. Reports upon the 
specimens obtained from borings made in 1874 between 
the Mississippi River and Lake Borgne, at the site 
proposed for an outlet for flood waters, Washington, 
1878. 

Hile, Frank. Sixth Biennial Report from the Bureau of 
Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture of the State of 
Arkansas for the years 1899- 1900, Little Rock, 1901, 
(Arkansas minerals and mining, pp. 158-174). 

HiEE, Robert T. The Neozoic geology of southwestern 
Arkansas. Annual Report of the Geological Survey of 



126 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

Arkansas for 1888, Vol. II, 260 pp., map; Little Rock. 
1888. Abstract, A' cues Jahrbiicli fi'ir Miiicralogie, Vol. 
II, 1890, pp. 301-305. 

Hill, Robert T. Events in North American Cretaceous 
history, illustrated in the Arkansas-Texas division of 
the southwestern United States. American Journal of 
Science, Vol. XXXVII, pp. 282-290, New Haven, 
April, 1889. 

Hill, Robert T. Relation of the Uppermost Cretaceous 
beds of the eastern and southern United States, and 
the Tertiary Cretaceous parting of Arkansas and 
Texas. By R. T. Hill and R. A. F. Penrose, Jr. Amer- 
ican Journal of Science, Vol. CXXXVIII, pp. 468-473, 
New Haven, 1889. Abstract, Neucs Jahrbuch fiir 
Mineralogie, 1890. Vol. II, Ref. 417. Abstract, Amer- 
ican Naturalist. Vol. XXIV, p. 769, 1800. 

Hill, Robert T. The foramini feral origin of certain Cre- 
taceous limestones and the sequence of sediments of 
North American Cretaceous. Amreican Geologist, Vol. 
IV, Sept.. 1889. pp. 174-177. 

Hill, Robert T. X^otes on a reconnaissanse of the Ouach- 
ita Mountain system in Indian Territory. American 
Journal of Science, Vol. CXLII. August, 1891, pp. 
111-124, New Haven, 1891. 

Hill, Robert T. Paleontology of the Cretaceous forma- 
tion of Texas. The invertebrate paleontology of the 
Trinity division. Proceedings Biological Society, 
Washington, Vol. VIII, pp. 9-40. June 3, 1893. Some 
Arkansas fossils, pp. 22-24, 26, 33, 34-36, 37. 

Hill, Robert T. Geology of parts of Texas, Ind. Ter. and 
Arkansas adjacent to Red River. Bulletin of the Geo- 
logical Society of America, 1894, Vol. V, pp. 297-338. 
Abstract. Neues Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, 1896. pp. 
106-107. Abstract, American Journal of Science, 3d 



Bibliography 127 

ser., Vol. XLVII, p. 141, 1894; American Geologist, 
Vol. XIII, pp. 208-209, 1894. 

Hill. Robert T. The alleged Jurassic of Texas. A 
reply to Professor Jules Marcou. American Journal of 
Science, Vol. IV, pp. 449-469, New Haven, Dec, 1897. 
(References to Arkansas geology.) 

Hill, Robert T. Criticism of the paper of J. C. Branner 
on "Cement deposits of Arkansas." Transactions of 
the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1897, 
Vol. XXVII, pp. 944-945. 

Hill, Robert T. Geography and geology of the Blade 
and Grand prairies, Texas, in the detailed description 
of the Cretaceous formations and special reference to 
artesian waters. 21st Annual Report of the U. S. 
Geol. Siirv., Part VII, Texas, Washington, 1901. 
(Many references to Arkansas Cretaceous.) 

HiLLEBRAND, W. F. Distribution and quantitative occur- 
rence of vanadium and molybdenum in rocks of the 
United States. American Journal of Science, 1898. 
Vol. VI, pp. 209-216. (Note on p. 216 has determi- 
nation of vanadium in protovermiculite from Magnet 
Cove, Arkansas.) 

Hitchcock, C. H. Geological map of the United States 
and part of Canada. Compiled by C. H. Hitchcock for 
the American Institute of Mining Engineers to illus- 
trate the scheme of coloration and nomenclature rec- 
ommended by the International Geological Congress. 
[New York] 1886, Julius Bien, Lith. 

Hitchcock, C. H. and Blake, W. P. Geological map of 
the United States, compiled by C. H. Hitchcock and 
W. P. Blake from sources mentioned in the text. 1874, 
Julius Bien, Lith. New York. Plates XIII, and XIV, 
of statistical atlas of the U. S. based on the results of 



128 Geoi^ogicai, Survey of Arkansas 

the ninth census. Scale lOO miles to one inch. (Ex- 
hibits the geology of Arkansas.) 

Hopkins, T. C. Marbles and other limestones. Annual 
Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1890, 
Vol. IV, 417 pp., Little Rock, 1893, 6 maps. 

Hopkins, T. C. Topographic features of Arkansas mar- 
ble. Proceedings of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 247-248, 
Salem, 1891. 

Hopkins, T. C. The Eureka shale of northern Arkansas. 
Proceedings of the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science, Vol. XL, pp. 256-257, Salem, 
1891. 

Hopkins, T. C. Springs : the influence of stratigraphy on 
their emergence, as illustrated in the Ozark uplift. 
American Geologist, Dec, 1894, pp. 364-368, with 
plate. 

Hopkins, T. C. and Simonds, Frederick W. The geol- 
ogy of Benton County. Annual Report of the Geolog- 
ical Survey of Arkansas for 1891, Vol. II, Little Rock, 
1894, pp. 1-75 with geological map of Benton County. 

Hopkins, F. V. (Has several papers on the geology of 
Louisiana) bearing on Arkansas and some direct ref- 
erences. 

Hopkins, F. V. See Hilgard. 

Howard, J. R. Coal fields of Arkansas. De Bow's Re- 
viezv. Vol. XVIII, p. 257, New Orleans and Washing- 
ton, 1855. 

Hughes, S. P. (Geological Survey.) Message of S. P. 
Hughes, Governor of the State of Arkansas, to the 
General Assembly, Jan., 1889, pp. 28-33, Little Rock, 
li 



BlBI.IOGRAPHY 129 

HuLiv, (Edward). [Orig-in of novaculites of Arkansas.] 
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 
Vol. I, p. 392, London, 1894. 

HuLiv, A. C. Arkansas : her wonderful resources. The 
Age of Steel, St. Louis, Missouri, Jan. i, 1898, Vol. 
LXXXin, No. I, pp. 68-70. 

Hull, A. C. Biennial Report of the Secretary of State of 
Arkansas for the years 1897- 1898. Little Rock, 1898. 
(Geological reports, pp. 8-10.) 

HuNT_, AIvFre;d E. (Arkansas bauxite) Mineral Resources 
of the U. S. Calendar year, 1892, p. 238. Washing- 
ton, 1893. 

HuNTKR. See Dunbar. 

James, Edwin. Account of an expedition from Pittsburg 
to the Rocky Mountains in 18 19- 1820, Philadelphia, 
1823. 

James, Edwin. Geological sketches of the Mississippi Val- 
ley. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia, Vol. II, Part I, pp. 326-329, Philadelphia, 
182 1. Read October 8, 1822. 

Jenne\% VV. p. The lead and zinc deposits of the Missis- 
sippi Valley. Transactions of the American Institute 
of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXII, pp. 171-225, New 
York, 1894. 

Johnson, S. W. Soil analysis: notice of the agricultural 
chemistry of the Geological Surveys of Kentucky and 
Arkansas. American Journal of Science, second series. 
Vol. XXXII, pp. 233-252. New Haven, 1861. 

Judd, E. K. Bauxite. Mineral Industry for 1907, Vol. 

XVI, pp. 97-102, X^ew York, 1908. 
Keyes^ C. R. The Cambro-Silurian question in Missouri 

and Arkansas. Journal of Geology, Vol. Ill, No. 5, 

1895, PP- 519-526. 



130 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

Keyes, C. R. Dual character of the Kinderhook fauna. 
American Geologist, Vol. XX, September, 1897, pp. 
167-176. 

Keyes, C. R. Structure of the coal deposits of the trans- 
Mississippian fields. Bngineering and Mining Journal, 
February 26, 1898, Vol. LXV, pp. 253-254; March 5, 
1898, Vol. LXV, pp. 280-281. References to Arkansas 
Carboniferous geology. Review, Zeifschrift [ilr Fiakt. 
Geologie, 1898. Heft., 5, pp. 1 69-171, 1898. 

Keyes^ C. R. Use of the term Augusta in Geology. Amer- 
ican Geologist, April, 1898, Vol. XXI, pp. 229-235. 
Reference to Arkansas correlation, p. 232. 

Keyes^ C. R. The myth of the Ozark Isle. Science, new 
series, Vol. VII, April 29, 1898, pp. 588-589. 

Keyes^ C. R. Probable stratigraphical equivalents of the 
coal measures of Arkansas. Journal of G-eology, May- 
June, 1898, Vol. VI, pp. 356-365- 

KeyES_, C. R. Stratigraphy of the southern Ozarks. [A 
review of papers by Branner, Weller, Smith and 
Drake.] Journal of Geology, Vol. VI, pp. 652-658, 
Chicago, 1898. 

Keyes^ C. R. The geological position of trans-Mississip- 
pian coals. Engineering and Mining Journal, May 5, 
1900, Vol. LXIX, pp. 528-529. 

KeyES, C. R. a depositional measure of unconformity. 
Bulletin Geological Society of America, April, 1901, 
Vol. XII, pp. 173-196. ^ 

Keyes, C. R. Horizons of Arkansas and Indian Territory 
coals compared with those of other trans-Mississippian 
coals. Bngineering and Mining Journal, June i, 1901, 
Vol. LXXI, pp. 692-693. 

KeyeSj C. R. On a crinoid horizon in the upper Carbonif- 
erous. Science, June 7, 1901, Vol. XIII, pp. 915-916. 



Bibliography 131 

Keyes, C. R. The stratigraphical location of named trans- 
Mississippian coals. Engineering and Alining Journal, 
August 17, 1901, Vol. LXXII. p. 198. 

KeyES, C. R. Time values of provincial Carboniferous ter- 
ranes. American Journal of Science, October, 1901, 
Vol. CLXII, pp. 305-309. 

Keyes, C. R. [Review of Williams'] Paleozoic faunas of 
northern Arkansas. American Geologist, Vol. XXVIII, 
pp. 254-257, Minneapolis, October, 1901. 

Keyes, C. R. Composite genesis of the Arkansas Valley- 
through the Ozark highlands. Journal of Geology, 
September-October, 1901, Vol. IX, pp. 486-490. 

Keyes, C. R. Diverse origin and diverse times of the for- 
mation of the lead and zinc deposits of the Mississippi 
Valley. Transactions of the American Institute of 
Mining Engineers, November, 1901, Vol. XXXI, pp. 
603-611, New York, 1902. 

Keyes, C. R. A schematic standard for the American Car- 
formations. Journal of Geology, October-November, 
XXVIII. pp. 299-305. 

Keyes, C. R. Cartographic representation of geological 
formations. Journal of Geology, October- November, 
1902, Vol. X, pp. 691-699. 

Keyes, C. R. Devonian interval in Missouri. Bulletin of 
the Geological Society of America, Vol. XIII, pp. zGy- 
2g2, Rochester, 1902. 

Keyes, Charles R. Ozark lead and zinc deposits: their 
genesis, localization, and migration. American Insti- 
tute of Mining Engineers, Bulletin No. 26, pp. 1 19-166, 
New York, 1909. 

Kennedy, W. Texas clays and their origin. Science, Vol. 
XXII, No. 565, December i, 1893, pp. 297-300. 



132 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

Kemp, J. F. The basic dikes occurring outside of the sye- 
nite areas of Arkansas. Annual Report of the G-eo- 
logical Survey of Arkansas, for 1890, Vol. II, chapter 
XII, pp. 392-406. Reprinted as separate. 

Kemp, J. F. The ore deposits of the United States, New 
York, 1893. References to Arkansas antimony, p. 259; 
bauxite, p. 258; iron ores, p. 279; Hmonite, addenda, 
manganese, pp. 264-266; nickel, p. 271; silver mines, 
p. 201. 

Kemp, J. F. and Williams, J. Francis. Tabulation of the 
dikes of igneous rock of Arkansas. Annual Report of 
the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. II, 
chapters XIII, and XIV, pp. 407-432. Reprinted as 
separate. 

Knight, J. E. Mines near Little Rock. De Bozv's Reviezv, 
Vol. VIII, (new series II), New Orleans, 1850. 

Knowlton, F. H. Description of fossil woods and lignites 
from Arkansas. Annual Report of the Geological Sur- 
vey of Arkansas for 1889, Vol. II, pp. 249-267. 

Knowlton, F. H. Description of a new problematical 
plant from the lower Cretaceous of Arkansas. Bulletin 
of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. XXII, No. 9, pp. 
387-390, figs. 1-3, New York, 1895. (Paleohillia 
Arkansana from 6 miles north of Center Point, in 
Trinity.) 

KoEnig, G. a. Schorlomite, a variety of melanite. Pro- 
ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- 
delphia, 1886, p. 355; Abstract, Groth's Zeitschrift fur 
Krystallo graphic 11. Mineralogie, Vol. XIII, p. 650, 
Leipzig, 1888. 

Koenig, G. a. Neue Amerikanische Mineralvorkommen. 
(Eleonorite from Arkansas.) Groth's Zeitschrift fiir 
Kryst alio graphic u. Mineralogie, Vol. XVII, p. 91, 
Leipzig, 1890. 



BlBI^IOGRAPHY 133 

KoENiG, G. A. Protovermiculite. Proceedings of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, i^yy, 
pp. 269-272 ; abstract, Groth's Zeitschrift fiir Krystal- 
lographie u. Mineralogie, Vol. Ill, p. 107, Leipzig, 
1879. American Journal of Science, Vol. CXVI, pp. 
152-153, New Haven, 1878. 

KuNz^ George F. (Perofskite and wavellite from Arkan- 
sas.) Transactions New York Academy of Science, 
Vol. Ill, pp. 17-18, New York, 1883. 

KuNZ, George F. A pseudomorph of feldspar after leu- 
cite (?) from Magnet Cove, Arkansas. Proceedings 
of the American Association for the Advancement of 
Science, Vol. XXXIV, pp. 243-246, Salem, 1886. 

KuNZ^ G. F. On the meteoric iron which fell in Johnson 
County, Arkansas, March 27, 1886. American Journal 
of Science, Vol. CXXXIII, third series, pp. 494-499, 
New Haven, 1887. 

KuNZ, G. F. The meteoric iron which fell in Johnson 
County, Arkansas, March 27, 1886. Proceedings of 
the United States National Museum, Vol. X, pp. 598- 
605, Washington, 1888. 

KuNZ, George Frederick. Gems and precious stones of 
North America. Second edition, New York, 1892. 
Quartz crystals, pp. iio-iii; novaculite, 122; lode- 
stone, 192; titanite, 194; arkansite, 194. 

KuNZ, G. F. Diamonds in the United States. Mineral In- 
dustry for 1907, Vol. XVI, pp. 797-803, New York, 
1908. 

KuNZ, G. F. and Washington, H. S. Note on the forms 
of Arkansas diamonds. American Journal of Science, 
Vol. CLXXIV, pp. 275-276, New Haven, September, 
1907. 

KuNz, George F. and Washington, Henry S. Diamonds 
in Arkansas. Bi-Monthly Bulletin of the American In- 



134 GeologicaIv Survey of Arkansas 

stitute of Mining Engineers, No. 20, pp. 187-194, New 
York, 1908. Engineering and Mining Journal, August 

10, 1907, Vol. LXXXIV, p. 270. 

Lacroix. a. Proprietes optiques de quelques mineraux 
(variscite from Arkansas). Bulletin Socicte Francaise 
de Mineral ogie, Vol. IX, p. 5, Paris, 1886. Abstract, 
Grofh's Zcitschrift fiir Krystallographie u. Mineralogie, 
Vol. XIII, p. 643. Leipzig, 1888. 

Lacroix, A. Sur deux gisements de Perowskite. Bulletin 

Societe Frangaise de Mineralogie, Vol. XVI, pp. 227- 

228, Paris. 1893. Abstract. Groth's Zeitschrift fiir 

■ Krystallographie u. Mineralogie, Vol. XXV, p. 317, 

Leipzig. 1896. 

Lawrence, B. Coal in Arkansas. De Bow's Review, Vol. 

11, pp. 320-321, New Orleans, 1851. 

Lawrence, B. Geology of Arkansas. Industrial Resources 
Southern and Western States, Vol. I, pp. 85-87, New 
Orleans, 1853. 

Leidy^ Joseph. Journal of the Philadelphia Academy of 
Natural Sciences, 2nd ser.. Vol. III. p. 159, pi. 15, (fos- 
sil shark.) 

Leidy, Joseph. (Note of an extinct saurian from near 
Greenville, Clark County, Arkansas.) Proceedings of 
the Philadelphia Acad-eniy of Natural Sciences, Vol. 
VII, 1854, p. 72. 

Leidy, Joseph. [Brimosaurus grandis from Clark County, 
Arkansas.] Proceedings of the Academy of Natural 
Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. VII, 1854- 1855, P- 72. 
Philadelphia. 1856. 

Leidy, Joseph. [Remarks on a Discosaurus from Arkan- 
sas.] Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
of Philadelphia, Vol. LXXII. pp. 20-21, Philadelphia', 
1870. 



BiBUOGRAPHY I35 

Lesley, Joseph. Report of the detailed topographical and 
geological surveys of the Fourche Cove in Pulaski 
County, Arkansas. Second Report of a Geological 
Reconnaissance of Arkansas, 1859- 1860, by David 
Dale Owen, pp. 159-162. Philadelphia, i860. 

Lesley, J. P. The iron mamifacturer's guide, Philadelphia, 
1859. Mention of old furnaces, pp. 216-217. 

LesqueREux, Leo. Botanical and paleontological report of 
the Geological Survey of Arkansas. Second Report of 
a Geological Reconnaissance of Arkansas, 1859-1860, 
by David Dale Owen, 9 plates, Philadelphia, i860. 

LesquerEux, Leo. Character of the Millstone Grit or Sub- 
carboniferous Conglomerate in the Far West. Pro- 
ceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 
IX, pp. 197-204, Philadelphia, 1863. (Descriptions and 
sections in Washington and Johnson counties.) 

LesquerEux, Leo. Origin and formation of prairies. 
American Jonrnal of Science, second series. Vol. XC, 
pp. 23-31, New Haven, 1865; Vol. LXXXIX, pp. 317- 
327; Arkansas prairies, pp. 324-325, New Haven. 
1865. 

LesquerEux, Leo. Formation of lignite beds of the 
Rocky Mountain region. American Journal of Sci- 
ence, third series. Vol. CVH, pp. 29-31; New Haven, 
1874. (Beds of impure lignite in southeastern Ark- 
ansas.) 

LesquerEux, Leo. A description of the coal flora of the 
Carboniferous formation in Pennsylvania and through- 
out the United States. Second Geological Survey of 
Pennsylvania. Report of Progress P., Vols. I and H, 
Harrisburg, 1880. Sub-conglomerate fossil plants of 
Arkansas. Report of Progress P.. Vol. HL pp. 854- 
855, Harrisburg, 1884. 



136 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

Lewis, J. M. Natural resources of the State of Arkansas, 
28 pp., Little Rock, 1869. 

LocKE^ M. F. Resources of Arkansas. First Biennial Re- 
port from the Bureau of Mines, Manufactiires and 
Agriculture of Arkansas for 1889 and 1890, 180 
pp., [Little Rock, n. d.] 

Locke, M. F. Mines and miners. Second Biennial Report 
from the Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agri- 
culture of Arkansas for 189 1- 1892, pp. 27-31, [Little 
Rock, n. d.] 

Locke, M. F. The mineral wealth of Arkansas. Second 
Biennial Report from the Bureau of Mines, Manufac- 
tures, and Agriculture of Arkansas for 1891-1892, pp. 
42-51, [Little Rock, n. d.] 

Long, S. H, A description of the hot springs, near the 
River Washitaw, and of the physical geography of the 
adjacent country; in a communication from Major S. 
H. Long, of the United States Corps of Engineers, to 
the Hon. Samuel L. Mitchell, dated St. Louis, Mis- 
souri, February 23, 1818. (Read before the Lyceum 
of Natural History at New York, 20th of April, 1818.) 
American Magazine and Critical Revieiv, for 1818, pp. 
85-87. 

Long, S. H. Account of an expedition from Pittsburg to 
the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years, 1819 
and 1820, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Sec'y 
of War: under the command of Major S. H. Long. 
. . , Compiled by Edwin James, Vol. 1, 503 pp.. 
Vol. n, 442 pp.. Atlas, Philadelphia, 1823. 

Loughridge, R. H. Physical and agricultural features of 
the State of Arkansas, with a short sketch of the geol- 
ogy. Tenth Census of the United States, Vol. V, pp. 
545-630, Washington, 1884. 



Bibliography 137 

LuccocK, John. On the bed of the Mississippi. Transac- 
tions (American Philosophical Society?) November 19, 
1824. 

Lyell, Charles. Travels in North America, in the years 
1841-1842; with geological observations on the United 
States, etc. 2 vols., New York, 1845. (Geological map 
includes the Arkansas Territory. In his geological map 
Arkansas is represented as Upper Silurian in the 
north; Cretaceous south of that, except a strip of allu- 
vium along the Arkansas River and the Red River and 
the extreme southern part of the State. On pp. 203- 
204 Lyell says the Arkansas colors are on the author- 
ity of Featherstonhaugh.) 

Lyell, Charles. On the delta and alluvial deposits of the 
Missisippi, etc.. Transactions British Association for 
the Advancement of Science, pp. 117-119, London, 
1847. (Sunk lands of northern Arkansas.) 

Maclure, William. Observations on the geology of the 
United States, explanatory of a geologic map. Trans- 
actions American Philosophical Society, Vol. VL part 
2, pp. 411-428 and map, Philadelphia, 1809. 

Maclure, William. Observations on the geology of the 
United States of America, Philadelphia, 1817; w4th 
geological map. Published also in the Transactions of 
the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 1, new series, 
Philadelphia, 181 7. 

MacearlanE, James. The coal-regions of America; their 
topography, geology, and development. New York, 
1873. (General description of Arkansas coal fields, 
pp. 496-500.) 

MacearlanE, James. An American geological railway 
guide, D. Appleton & Co., New York. First edition, 
1879, Arkansas, p. 206; second edition, 1890, Arkan- 
sas, pp. 406-407, 



138 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

Macrery, Joseph. A description of the hot springs and 
volcanic appearances in the country adjoining the 
River Washita in Louisiana. Communicated in a letter 
from Joseph Macrery, M. D., of Natchez, to Dr. Mil- 
ler. Nezv York Medical Repository, Vol. Ill, i860, pp. 
47-50- 

Maggard, Col. H. F. Mineral resources of North Arkan- 
sas, fifth Biennial Report from the Bureau of Mines, 
Manufactures, and Agriculture of the State of Arkan- 
sas, for 1 897- 1 898, pp. 65-68, Little Rock, n. d. 
(1898). 

Mar, F. W. So-called perofskite from Magnet Cove, Ar- 
kansas. American Journal of Science, Vol. CXL, pp. 
403-405, New Haven, 1890. Abstract, Groth's Zeit- 
schrift fiir Krystallographie u. Mineralogie, Vol. XX, 
p. 486, Leipzig, 1892. 

Marbut, C. F. The geographic development of Crowley's 
Ridge. Proceedings Boston Society of Natural His- 
tory, Vol. XXVI, 1895, pp. 479-488, Boston, 1805. 
Abstract, Annates de Geographic, Vol. V, 1895-1896, 
p. 248. 

Marbut, C. F. The physical features of Missouri. Ex- 
tract, Report Missouri Geological Survey, Vol. X, 
1896. References to Arkansas, pp. 63, 74, 75, 81-83. 

Marbut, C. F. The evolution of the northern part of the 
lowlands of southeastern Missouri. The University of 
Missouri Studies, Vol. I, No. 3, (Columbia) July, 
1902. (63 pp. maps and ills.; includes Crowley's 
Ridge. ) 

AIarcou, Jules. A geological map of the United States 
and the British Provinces of North America, Boston, 
1853: Paris, 1855. 

Marcou, Jules. Resume and field notes, . . . with 
a translation by W. P. Blake. Pacific railroad reports,. 



Bibliography 139 

1853-1854, Vol. Ill, Part IV, pp. 121-164, Washing- 
ton, 1856. Geological itinerary from Fort Smith and 
Napoleon (Arkansas) to the River Colorado of Cali- 
fornia. 

Marcou, Jules. Sur la Geologic des Montagnes Rocheiises 
entre le Fort Smith et Albuquerque. Bulletin de la 
Socictc Gcologiquc dc France, 2me ser. Vol. XI, pp. 
156-160, Paris, 1854. 

Marcou, Jules. Esquisse d'une classification des chaines 
de montagnes d'une partie de I'Amerique du Nord. 
Annales des Mines, 5me ser.. Tome VII, pp. 3.29-350, 
Paris, 1855. 

Marcou, Jules. Geology of North America, Zurich, 1858. 

Marcou, Jules. The Jura of Texas. Proceedings Boston 
Society of Natural History, Vol. XXVII, pp. 149-158, 
Boston, 1896. (Refers Trinity to Jurassic, pp. 150- 

151-) 

Marcou, Jules. Jura and Neocomian of Arkansas, Kan- 
sas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas. American 
Journal of Science, Vol. CLIV, pp. 197-212, New 
Haven, Sept., 1897. 

Marcou, Jules and Marcou, John Beeknap. Mapoteca 
Geologica Americana. A catalogue of geological maps 
of America, North and South, 1753-1818. Bulletin No. 
7 of the U. S. Geo!. Surz'., Washington, 1884. 

Marcolt, Jules and Marcou, John Belknap. Jura, Neo- 
comian, and chalk of Arkansas. American Geologist, 



&' 



Vol. IV, pp. 357-367, December, 1889. 



Mather. W. W. Argentiferous galena from Arkansas. 
American Journal of Science, Vol. LXV, second series, 
i853' P- 450- 1853. 



I40 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

Martin, J-^mES A. Report upon the mineral region north 
of Little Rock, pp. 67-70 of the report of Washburn 
and Dencla, New York, 1867. 

Martin, J. O. and Carr, E. P. Soil survey of Miller 
County, Arkansas. United States Department of Ag- 
riculture, Bureau of Soils. Washington, 1904. 

McChESnEy, J. H. Descriptions of fossils from the Pale- 
ozoic rocks of the Western States. Transactions of the 
Chicago Academy of Sciences, Vol. I, (Arkansas fos- 
sils from near Batesville, pp. 37, 40, 47-48). 

McGeE, W. J. Reconnaissance map of the United States 
showing the distribution of the geological system so 
far as known. Compiled from data in possession of the 
U. S. Geol. Surv. Plate II, 14th Annual Report of the 
U. S. Geol. Siirv., 1893, Scale 100 miles = i inch. 

McRaE^ D. Products and resources of Arkansas. Pam- 
phlet, 145 pp., Little Rock, 1885. 

Means, J. H. Carboniferous limestones on the south side 
of the Boston Mountains. Annual Report of the Geo- 
logical Survey of Arkansas for i8qo, Vol. IV, pp. 
126-136, Little Rock, 1893. 

Meek, Seth E. A list of fishes and mollusks collected in 
Arkansas and Indian Territory in 1894. Article 7, 
Bulletin U. S. Fish Com. for 1895, pp. 341-349- (Lit- 
tle on physical geography.) 

Melville, W. H. Natroline from Magnet Cove, Arkan- 
sas, Bulletin No. go U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 38, Wash- 
ington, 1892. Abstract, Groth's Zeitschrift filr Krys- 
tallographie u. Mineralogie, Vol. XXIV, pp. 622-623, 
Leipzig, 1895. 

Memminger, C. G. (Phosphate rock in Arkansas.) Min- 
eral Industry, Vol. XI, p. 519, New York, 1903. 



Bibliography 141 

Merrill. George P. A treatise on rocks, rock-weathering 
and soils. New York, 1897. References to Arkansas 
rocks: bauxite, pp. 108-109; novaculite, p. iii; sye- 
nites, p. 216; chert decay, pp. 231-232. 

Miller, W. W., Jr. Analysis of smithsonite from Arkan- 
sas. American Chemical Journal, Vol. XXII, pp. 218- 
219. Abstract, Technology Qdiarterly, Vol. XIV, p. 
135, Boston, September, 1901. Abstract, American 
Geologist, Vol. XXVII, p. 315, Minneapolis, 1901. 

Morris, Henry Colton, Riddell, J. L. and Glover, 
James. Papers relating to the coal fields of the upper 
Ouachita River submitted to the Academy of Sciences 
of New Orleans, New Orleans, printed at the office of 
the Picayune, 1857. 8°, pp. 1-2 1. (Only copy seen 
was in California Academy of Science and was burnt 
up in the San Francisco fire of 1906.) 

Morton, Samuel George. Synopsis of the organic re- 
mains of the Cretaceous groups of the United States, 
88 pp., 19 plates, Philadelphia, 1834. Review of the 
same, American Journal of Science, Vol. XXVII, p. 
377, New Haven, 1835. Review, Neues Jahrbuch filr 
Mineralogie, Geologic, etc., 1836, pp. 732-734, Stutt- 
gart, 1836. 

Nason, Frank L. Report of the iron ores of Missouri, 
from field work prosecuted during the years 1891 and 
1892, pp. 283-301, Jefferson City, 1892. The iron 
deposits of northwestern Arkansas, quoted from the 
report on the iron deposits of Arkansas, by R. A. F. 
Penrose, Jr. (The whole of chapter II, Vol. I, of the 
Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas 
for 1892, is given.) 

Nason, Frank L. Discussion in W. P. Jenney's paper on 
the lead and zinc deposits of the Mississippi Valley. 



142 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

Transactions of tlic American Institute of Mining En- 
gineers, Vol. XXII, pp. 636-646, New York, 1894. 

X^EWBERRY. J. S. See reference in Zittel's Palaeontology. 
Vol. Ill, p. 117. Geological Survey of Illinois, Palae- 
ontology, Vol. II, p. 84, Vol. IV., p. 350. 

Newberry, J. S. and Worthen, A. H. Palaeontology of 
Illinois, Vol. IV, Pt. 2. (Edestus vorax, Leidy from 
Arkansas, pp. 350-353-) 

Newberry, Spencer B. Portland cement. i8th Annual 
Report of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Part V, non-metallic 
products (Arkansas, pp. 11 74- 11 75). Washington, 
1897- 

Newsom, John F. See Branner and Newsom. 

Nichols, H. W. Discussion of Eric Hedburg's paper on 
the Missouri and Arkansas zinc mines. Transactions 
of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. 
XXXI, pp. 1015-1021, New York, 1902. (Observa- 
tions in Rush Creek district.) » 

Norwood, J. C. and Pratten, H. Jounuil of the Academy 
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. Ill, pp. 1-22, 
Philadelphia, 1855. Review, Neues Jahrbuch fiir Min- 
eralogie, etc., 1856, pp. 381-383, Stuttgart, 1856. 

NuTTALL, Thomas. A journal of travels into the Arkansa 
Territory during the year 1819. 296 pp., and map, 
Philadelphia, 1821. 

NuTTALL, Thomas. Observations on the geological struc- 
ture of the Valley of the Mississippi. lournal of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of PhiladelpJiia, Vol. II, 
Pt. I, pp. 14-52. Read December, 1820. 

Orlopp, M. a., Jr. Report on the examination of the Lit- 
tle Red River of Arkansas and the Red River from 
Fulton, Arkansas. U. S. Army, Chief Engineers, Re- 



Bibliography 143 

port for 1885, Pt. II. pp. 1 61 2- 1 623, Washington, 
1885. 

Orlopp, M. a., Jr. Report of an examination of Petit 
Jean River, Arkansas. U. S. Army, Chief of Engi- 
neers Report, for 1885, Pt. 2. pp. 1627-1631, Wash- 
ington, 1885. 

Owen, D. D. Geology of the western States of North 
America. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 
of London, Vol. II, p. 433, London, 1846. 

Owen, D. D. First report of a geological reconnaissance 
of the northern counties of Arkansas, made during the 
years 1857 and 1858, 256 pp., Little Rock. 1858. 

Owen, D. D. Second report of a geological reconnais- 
sance of the middle and southern counties of Arkan- 
sas, made during the years 1859 and i860, 433 pp., 
Philadelphia, i860. 

Owen, Richard. American geological railway guide, by 
James MacFarlane, New York; first edition, 1879. 
Notes on Arkansas geology, p. 206; second edition, 
1890, Arkansas, pp. 406-407. 

Padon, Alfred. Arkansas minerals. De Bozv's Review, 
Vol. II, pp. 406-407, New Orleans. 1851. 

Parker, E. W. Arkansas bauxite deposits. Mines and 
Minerals, Vol. XX, pp. T,2y-T,2^, Scranton, 1900. 

Penfield, S. L. Brookite from Magnet Cove, Arkansas. 
American Journal of Science, 3d ser.. Vol. CXXXI, 
PP- 387-389. New Haven, 1886. Abstract, Groth's 
^Zeitschrift fiir Krystallographie u. Miiicralogie, Vol. 
XII, p. 497, Leipzig, 1887. 

Penfield, S. L. Anatas von Magnet Cove, Arkansas. 
Groft's Zeitscliift fiir Krystallo graphic u. Miiicralogie 
Vol. XXIII, p. 261, Leipzig, 1894. 



144 GeoIvOGical Survey of Arkansas 

PEnfieed, S. L. and Pirsson, L. V. (Eudialyte, titanite 
and monticellite from Magnet Cove, Arkansas.) 
American Journal of Science, Vol. CXLI, pp. 397-400, 
New Haven, 1891. 

Penrose, R. A. F. Manganese: Its uses, ores and de- 
posits. Animal Report of the Geological Survey of 
Arkansas for 1890, Vol. I, 642 pp., 2 maps. Little 
Rock, 1 89 1. 

Penrose^ R. A. F. The Tertiary iron ores of Arkansas 
and Texas. Bulletin Geological Society of America, 

1891, Vol. Ill, pp. 44-50. 

Penrose, R. A. F. The origin of the manganese ores of 
northern Arkansas and its effect on the associated 
strata. Proceedings of the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 250- 
252, Salem, 1891. Also separate. 

Penrose, R. A. F. The iron deposits of Arkansas. An- 
nual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 

1892, Vol. I, pp. 1-15. Map and plates. An extract of 
this report was published in the jd Biennial Report 
from the Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures, and 
Agriculture of Arkansas for 1893-1894, pp. 137-143; 
also in 4th Biennial Report for 1895-1896, pp. 1 19-127. 
Abstract, American Geologist, Vol. X, pp. 324-325, 
1892. 

Phieeips, Wm. B. The zinc-lead deposits of southwest 
Arkansas. Engineering and Mining Journal, April 
6, 1901, Vol. LXXI, pp. 431-432. 

Phillips, Wm. B. The removal of iron from zinc blende. 
Engineering and Mining Journal, November 30, 1901, 
Vol. LXXII, pp. 710-71 1, New York, 1901. (Treat- 
ment for the zinc ores of southwest Arkansas.) 



Bibliography 145 

Pike, Z. M. A dissertation on the soil, rivers, productions, 
etc. Appendix to Part II (18 pp.) of an account of 
expeditions to the sources of the Mississippi, etc., Phil- 
adelphia, 18 10. 

PiRSSON, L. V. See Penfield, S. L. 

Potter, Wiluam B. Semi-bituminous coal of Johnson 
County with analyses. Transactions of the American 
Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. Ill, 1874, pp. 33, 
34, Philadelphia, 1875. 

[Potter, W. B. ?] How Arkansas bubbles are inflated and 
pricked. Engineering and Mining Journal, July 28, 
1888. Reprinted in same journal, December 4, 1897, 
p. 668. (Fraudulent assays of Arkansas rocks for 
gold.) 

P0WE1.1., J. W. Physiography of the United States. The 
physiographic regions of the United States, New 
York, 1897. (The Ozark Mountains, pp. 85-86.) 

Powell, W. Byrd. A geological report upon the Fourche 
Cove and its immediate vicinity, with some remarks 
upon their importance to the science of geology and 
upon the value of their productions to the arts of civ- 
ilized society, accompanied with a suit of specimens 
and a catalogue. Presented to the Antiquarian and 
Natural History Society of the State of Arkansas, 22 
pp. and sketch map. Little Rock, 1842. (The U. S. 
Geol. Surv. Library has the only copy of this book 
known to the author.) 

Prime, Fred, Jr. Notes on the Arkansas coal field and 
statistics of production. Tenth Census United States, 
Part II, Vol. V, pp. 617, 643-647. 

Prosser, Charles S. Notes on Lower Carboniferous 
plants from the Ouachita uplift. Annual Report of 
the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. Ill, 
pp. 423-424, Little Rock, 1892. 



146 Geoi.ogical Survey of Arkansas 

Prosser, Chari.es S. The geological age of the rocks of 
the novaculite area. Annual Report of the Geological 
Surz'cy of Arkansas for 1890. Vol. Ill, pp. 418-423, 
Little Rock, 1892. 

PuMPELLY, Raphaee. Production of bituminous coal in 
Johnson, Pope, Sebastian, and Washington Counties. 
Tenth Census United States, Vol. XV, pp. 642-644; 
for the State, pp. 674-675. 

Purdui;, a. H. The geography of Arkansas and how to 
teach it. (Read before the Western Arkansas Teach- 
ers' Association, December. 28, 1898.) (6 pp.) Ark- 
ansas School Journal, Little Rock, February, 1899, pp. 
. Reprint pp. 1-6, no date or place. 

Purdue, A. H. Physiography of the Boston Mountains, 
Arkansas. Journal of Geology, November-December, 
1900, Vol. IX, pp. 694-701, ill. 

Purdue, A. H. Valleys of solution in northern Arkansas. 
Journal of Geology, January-February, 1901, Vol. IX, 
pp. 47-50, ill. 

Purdue, A. H. Illustrated note on a miniature overthrust 
fault and anticline, (i m. n, of Ozark.) Jourjial of 
Geology, May-June, 1901, Vol. IX, pp. 341-342. 

Purdue, A. H. North Arkansas mineral district. The 
Lead and Zinc Neics, June 24, 1901, Vol. I, No. 2, 
PP- 4-5- 

Purdue, A. H. Saddle-back topography of the Boone 
chert region, Arkansas. Abstract, Science, new series. 
Vol. XVII, p. 222, 1903; Sci. Am. SuppL, Vol. LV, 
p. 22666, 1903. 

Purdue, A. H. A topographic result of the alluvial cone. 
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 1903. 
pp. 109-111. 



BiBUOGRAPHY I47 

Purdue, A. H. Notes on the wells, springs, and generaJ 
water resources of Arkansas. U. S. Gcol. Snrv. Water- 
Supply and Irrigation Paper, No. 102. pp. 374-388, 
Washington. 1904. 

Purdue, A. H. AV'ater resources of the contact region be- 
tween the Paleozoic and Mississippi embayment de- 
' posits in northern Arkansas. U. S. Gcol. Snrv., Wa- 
tcr-Snpply and Irrigation Paper, No. i-ffi, pp. 88-119. 
Washington, 1905. 

Purdue, A. H. Water resources of the Winslow quadran- 
gle, xA.rkansas. U. S. Geol. Snrv., Water-Supply and 
Irrigation Paper, No. 14^, pp. 84-87, Washington, 
1905. 

Purdue, A. H. Northern Arkansas — Underground waters 
of eastern United States. U. S. Geol. Snrv., IVater- 
Snpply and Irrigation Paper, No. 114, pp. 188-197, 
Washington, 1905. 

Purdue, A. H. Concerning natural mounds. Science, Vol. 

XXI, pp. 823-824, May 26, 1905. 
Purdue, A. H. Structural relations of the Wisconsin zinc 

and lead deposits. Economic Geology, Vol. I, pp. 391- 

392, March, 1906. 

Purdue, A. H. Developed phosphate deposits of northern 
Arkansas. Bulletin iVo. J75. U. S. Geol. Snrv., pp. 
463-473, Washington, 1907. 

Purdue, A. H. Cave-sandstone deposits of the southern 

Ozarks. Bulletin Geological Society of Ani^erica, Vol. 

XVIII, pp. 251-256, 1907. Abstract, Science, Vol. 

XXV, p. 764, May 17. 1907. 
Purdue, A. H. Winslozv folio, No. 154, U. S. Geol, Surv., 

Washington, 1907. 
Purdue, A. H. A new discovery of peridotite in Arkansas. 

Economic Geology, Vol. Ill, pp. 525-528, /\ugust- 

September, 1908. 111. 



148 Gkological Survey oi'' Arkansas 

Purdue, A. H. Structure and stratigraphy of the Oua- 
chita Ordovician area, Ark. Bui. Geo!. Soc. Amer..- 
XIX, 556-557. New York, 1909. 

QuiNN, Charles. Report (on Bayou Bartholomew, Ark- 
ansas). U. S. Army, Chief of Engineers for 1885, Pt, 
2, pp. 1 549- 1 552, Washington, 1885. 

Rath, G. vom. Mineralogische Mittheilungen : Forset- 
zung, Vol. XV, Poggendorff's Annalen, 1876, Vol. 
VIII, pp. 387-425. (Arkansite altered to rutile.) 

Rath, G. vom. Mineralogische Beitrage, Verh. Nat. Ver. 
Prcuss. Rhcinl. Jahrg. Vol. XXXIV, pp. 1 31-195. 
[1877] (Rutile from Magnet Cove.) 

Rath, G. vom. Mineralogische Mittheilungen. (Rutile in 
forms of specular iron . , . and in octahedra 
from Arkansas.) Groth's Zeitschrift filr Krystallo- 
graphie u. Mineralogie, Vol. I, pp. 13-17, Leipzig, 
1877. 

Raymond, R. W. The geological distribution of mining 
districts of the United States. Transactions of the 
American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. I, pp. 
33-39, 1871-1873, New York, 1873. Mentions red 
oxide of iron in Arkansas, p. 38. 

Renshawe. See Goode, R. U. 

RiDDEEE, J. L. See Morris, H. C. 

Roberts, W. F. Arkansas and its resources. Age of Steel, 
p. 7. St. Louis, June 11, 1887. Geographical and 
geological reconnaisance of the Cossatot zones cross- 
ing the counties of Sevier, Howard and Polk, in south- 
western Arkansas. Part I, April 14, 1888, p. 8. Part 
II, May 19, 1888. Also September 29, June 2, June 
16, July 14. 

Rosenbusch, H. von. Mikreskopische Physiographic der 
Massigen Gesteine, Stuttgart, 1887. Mention is made 
of the elaeolite syenites, from Hot Springs, p. 91, and 
again under the head of phonolite, p. 631. 



Bibliography 149 

RuTLEY, Frank. On the origin of certain novaculites and 
quartzites. Quar. lour. Gcol. Soc. Vol. L. pp. 2)77- 
392; Proceedings, pp. 67-70, London, 1894. Abstract, 
American Geologist, Vol. XIV, p. 253. 

Salisbury, R. D. On the relationship of the Pleistocene to 
the Prepleistocene formations of Crowley's Ridge and 
the adjacent area south of the limit of glaciation. An- 
imal Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 
1889, Vol. II, Chapter XXV, pp. 224-248. 

Santos, J. R. Analysis of native antimony ore from Se- 
vier County, Arkansas. Chemical Nezvs. Vol. XXXVI, 
p. 167, London, October, 1877. 

Saward, Frederick E. The Coal Trade, 1890; Arkansas 
coal, statistics and analyses, p. 22. 

Schneider, P. F. A preliminary report on the Arkansas 
diamond field. Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and 
Agriculture, 16 pp.,' Little Rock, 1907. 

Schneider, P. F. A unique collection of peridotite. Sci- 
ence, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 92-93, July 17, 1908. 

ScHMiTz, E. J. Notes of a reconnaissance from Spring- 
field, Missouri, into Arkansas. Transactions of the 
American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1898, Vol. 
XXVIII, pp. 264-270. Morning Star mine, geology 
and analysis of zinc ores. 

SCHOOLCRAET, Henry R. A view of the lead mines of 
Missouri; including some observations on the mineral- 
ogy, geology, geography, etc., of Missouri and Arkan- 
sas, New York, 1819. Account of the White River 
region in Arkansas Territory. 

Schoolcraft, Henry R. Journal of a tour into the in- 
terior of Missouri and Arkansas, from Potosi, or 
Mine a Burton, in Missouri Territory, in a southwest 
direction, towards the Rocky Mountains; performed in 



150 Geologicai, Survey oe Arkansas 

the years 1818 and 1819; London, 1821. Arkansas, 
pp. 28-67. 

ScHOOivCRAET, Henry R. Sccnes and adventures in the 
semi-Alpine region of the Ozark Mountains of Mis- 
souri and Arkansas, Philadelphia, 1853. (Appendices 
on the geology, mineral resources of the West, hot 
springs, White River, etc.) 

ScuDDER,, S. H. The insects of ancient America. Amer- 
ican Naturalist, Vol. I, pp. 625-631, Salem, 1868. 
Cockroach from Coal Measures of Frog Bayou. 

ScuDDER, Samuel H. The fossil insects of North Amer- 
ica. The Geological Magazine, Vol. V, 1868, pp. 172- 
177, London, 1868. Cockroach from the Coal Meas- 
ures of Frog Bayou. 

ScuDDER, S. H. New Carboniferous Arachnidan from Ark- 
ansas. American Journal of Science, Vol. CXXXL pp. 
310-31 1, New Haven, 1886. 

Shepard, Charles Upham. On three new mineral spe- 
cies from Arkansas. American Journal of Science, sec- 
ond series. Vol. LH, pp. 249-252. Arkansite, ozarkite 
and schorlomite. New Haven. 1846. 

Shepard, Charles Upham. Farther account of the arkan- 
site. American Journal of Science, second series, Vol. 
LIV, pp. 279-280. Chemical experiments upon arkan- 
site, New Haven, 1847. 

Shepard, Charles Upham. Eudialyte in Arkansas. 
American Journal of Science, Vol. LXXXVH, second 
series, p. 405, (407). Eudialyte from Magnet Cove, 
New Haven, 1864. 

Shepard, Edward M. Table of geological formations. 
Drury College. Bradley Field Geol. Station Bulletin, 
Vol. L pp. 41-42, 1904. 



Bibliography 151 

ShEpard, Edward M. The New Madrid earthquake. 
Journal of Geology, Vol. XIII, pp. 45-62, ill., Chicago, 
1905. 

Shumard, B. F. Exploration of the Red River of Louisi- 
ana in the year 1852, by Randolph B. Marcy; Thirty- 
third Congress, First Session, Senate Executive Docu- 
ment. Washington, 1854. 

Shumard, Geo. G. Exploration of the Red River of 
Louisiana, in the year 1852, by Randolph B. Marcy. 
Thirty-third Congress, First Session, Senate Executive 
Docwncnf, Washington, 1854. Remarks upon the 
general geology of the country passed over by explor- 
ing expedition to the sources of Red River; pp. 167- 
190. Description of the species of Carboniferous and 
Cretaceous fossils collected. Description of some Car- 
boniferous fossils from Washington County. 

Shumard, Geo. G. Coal Measures near Fort Smith; 
traced from Washington County to Fort Belknap, 
Texas. Transactions of the Academy of Science of 
St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 93, St. Louis, 1857. 

SiEBENTHAE, C. E. The geology of Dallas County. An- 
nual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 
1891, Vol. II, pp. 277-318, Little Rock, 1894. 

SiMONDS, Frederick W. The geology of Washington 
County; Annual Report of the Geological Survey of 
Arkansas for 1888, Vol. IV, map. Little Rock, 1891. 

SiMONDS, Frederick W. and Hopkins, T. C. The geol- 
ogy of Benton County. Amnial Report of the Geolog- 
ical Survey of Arkansas for 1891, Vol. II, pp. 1-75, 
geological map of Benton County, Little Rock, 1894. 

Smith, Clement. (Report on the Ouachita River) U. S. 
Army, Chief of Engineers, for 1872, pp. 368-371, 
Vv^ashington, 1872. 



152 Groi.ogicai^ Survey of Arkansas 

Smith, J. Lawrence. Ozarkite, an amorphous thom- 
sonite. American Journal of Science, Vol. LXVI, sec- 
ond series, p. 50. New Haven, 1853. 

Smith, J. Lawrence. A new meteorite from Newton 
County, Arkansas, containing- on its surface carbonate 
of lime. American Journal of Science, Vol. XC, pp. 
213-216, New Haven, 1865. 

Smith, J. Lawrence. On a new locality of tetrahedrite, 
tennantite and nacrite ; with some account of the Kel- 
logg Mines of Arkansas. American Journal of Science, 
second series, Vol. XCHI. pp. 67-69. New Ha\en, 
1867. 

Smith, J. Lawrence. Analysis of aegirite from Hot 
Springs, Arkansas. American Journal of Science, Vol. 
CX, p. 60, New Haven, 1875. 

Smith, J. Lawrence and Brush, George J. Elaeolite 
from Magnet Cove. American Journal of Science, Vol. 
LXVI, p. 371, New Haven, 1850. Short account and 
analysis. 

Smith, James Perrin. The Arkansas Coal Measures in 
their relation to the Pacific Carboniferous province. 
Journal of Geology, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 187-204, Chi- 
cago, 1894. Abstract, American Journal of Science, 
3d series. Vol. CXLVH, p. 482, New Haven, 1894. 

Smith, J. P. Marine fossils from the Coal Measures of 
Arkansas. Proceedings American Philosophical So- 
ciety, November, 1896, Vol. XXXV, pp. 152, 213-285, 
9 plates. 

Smith, James Perrin. The development of Glyphioceras 
and the Phylogeny of the Glypioceratidae. Proceed- 
ings of the California Academy of Science, 3d series, 
Vol. I, No. 3, pp. 105-124, San Francisco, 1897. (Ma- 



BiBUOGRAPHY 1 53 

terial from Fa3'etteville shale, Moorefield, Indepen- 
dence County, Arkansas, and from Scott County, Ark- 
ansas.) Abstract. American Journal of Science, Vol. 
CLV, p. 315, New Haven, 1898. 
Smith, James PErrin. The Carboniferous Amminoids cl 
America. Monograph XLII, U. S. Geological Survey, 
Washington, D. C, 1903. 

Snell. Gold in Arkansas. (White River.) Note from the 
Nezu Orleans Bee given in the American Journal of 
Science, second series, Vol. LXII, p. 143, New Haven, 
1851. 

Stevenson, J. J. Anthracite of Arkansas. Bulletin of the 
Geological Society of America, Vol. V, pp. 45-47, 
Rochester, 1894. 

Stevenson, John J. Notes on the geology of Indian Ter- 
ritory. Transactions of the New York Academy of 
Science, November 18, 1895, ^o^- ^V' PP- 50-61 ; also 
Science, new series, Vol. II, p. 779, New York, 1895. 

Stokes, H. N. Analysis of yellow smithsonite from Ark- 
ansas. Bulletin No. go, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 62, Wash- 
ington, 1892. Abstract, Groth's Zeitschrift fiir Krys- 
fallographie u. Minerologie, Vol. XXIV, p. 624, Leip- 
zig, 1895. 

Stokes, H. N. [Analysis of tallow clay from Coon Hol- 
low.] Bulletin No. 168, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 299, 
Washington, 1900. 

Straszer, Justin. (Observations on Ouachita, White, 
Little Red, Little Missouri and Petit Jean rivers.) U. 
S. Army Chief of Engineers' Report, for 1871, pp. 
338-374, Washington, 1871. 

StruThers, Joseph. (Bauxite in Arkansas.) Mineral 
Industry, Vol. XI, pp. 11-14, New York, 1903. 

Sutton, J. J. Oilstones, jrf Biennial Report from the 
Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agricidture of 
Arkansas for 1893- 1894, PP- 129-132. (Little Rock, 



154 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

1894.) Same in 4th Biennial Report for 1895-1896, 
pp. 114-117, Little Rock, 1896. 

Swank, James M. History of the manufacture of iron in 
all ag-es, and particularly in the United States, for 
three hundred years, from 1585 to 1885, p. 258, Phila- 
delphia, 1884. Big Creek bloomary in Lawrence 
County built in 1857; a bloomary 'in Carroll County 
in 1850. 

Swank, James M. Tenth Census of United States, Vol. 
IL Statistics of the iron and steel production of the 
United States, p. iii, Washington, 1883. Bloomary 
at Big Creek. 

SweEtsER, M. F. Sketch of Arkansas political history and 
natural features. King's handbook of the United 
States, pp. 58. 69; 939 pp. Buffalo, New York, 1891. 

Taff, J. A. Preliminary report on the Camden coal field 
of southwestern Arkansas. 21st Annual Report of the 
U. S. Gcol. Siirv., 1 899- 1 900. Part II, pp. 313-329, 
Washington, 1900. 

Taff, J. A. The southwestern coal field. Extract from the 
22ud Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. Sum., Part 
III, pp. 367-413, Washington, 1902. 

Taff, J. A. Chalk of southwestern Arkansas, with notes 
on its adaptability to the manufacture of hydraulic ce- 
ment. 22ud Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. Surv., 
Part III, pp. 687-742, ill., Washington, 1902. 

Taff, J. A. Notice of report on chalk, etc. Arkansas 
Democrat, semi-weekly, Alay 7, 1902. 

Taff, J. A. and Adams, G. I. Geology of the eastern 
Choctaw coal field, Indian Territory. 21st Annual Re- 
port of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Part II, pp. 257-311. 
(Throws light on the geology of west Arkansas south 
of Fort Smith.) 

Taylor, C. M. Arkansas' Exhibit at the World's Indus- 
trial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, 1884-1885, at 



Bibliography 155 

New Orleans, Louisiana. Pamphlet 13 pp., New Or- 
leans, 1885. 

Thompson, Frank M. Report of the Superintendent of 
the H'ot Springs Reservation to the Secretary of the 
Interior. 39 pp., Washington, 1891. (Analyses of 
Hot Springs waters.) 

Todd, J. F. Mineral wealth in Arkansas. Engineering 
and Mining Journal, Vol. LXIV, p. 93, New York, 
July 24, 1897. 

UivRiCH, E. O. Determination and correlation of forma- 
tions (of north Arkansas). U. S. Geol. Surv. Profes- 
sional Paper, No. 24, pp. 90-113, Washington, 1904. 

Ulrich, E. O. See Adams, Geo. I. 

Upham, Warren. Relation of the Lafayette or the 
Ozarkian uplift of North America to glapiation. 
American Geologist, Vol. XIX, pp. 339-343, Minne- 
apolis, May, 1897. 

Van Cleef, A. The Hot Springs of Arkansas. Harper's 
Monthly Magazine, Vol. LVI, January, 1878, pp. 193- 
210. Many illustrations. 

Van Hise, C. R. See Bain, H. F. 

Van Hise, C. R. and Bain, H. F. Lead and zinc deposits 
of the Mississippi Valley, U. S. A. Transactions of 
the Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXIII, pp. 
376-434. 60 pp. ill., London, 902. (Arkansas on pp. 
34-35. 46-47-) 

Van Ingen, Gilbert. The Siluric fauna near Batesville, 
Arkansas. School of Mines Quarterly, April, 901, 
Vol. XXII, pp. 318-329, New York, 1901 ; Vol. 
XXIII, pp. 34-74, New York, 1901, 

Van Rensselaer, J. Salt. American Journal of Science, 
Vol. VII, pp. 360-362, New Haven, 1824. 



156 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

Vaughan, T. Wayland. Notes on a collection of mol- 
Insks from Northwestern Louisiana and Harrison 
County, Texas. American Naturalist, Vol. XXVII, 
pp. 944-961, 1893. (Land and fresh water shells up 
to Arkansas line.) 

Vaughan, T. W. A brief contribution to the geology and 
paleontology of northwestern Louisiana. Bulletin 
No. 142, U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 1896. (Sev- 
eral references to Arkansas geology.) 

Vaughan, T. W. Geologic notes on the Wichita Moun- 
tains, Oklahoma, and the Arbuckle Hills, Indian Ter- 
ritory. American Geologist, Vol. XXIX, pp. 44-55, 
Minneapolis, July, 1899. 

Vaughan. T. W. The Eocene and Lower Oligocene coral 
faunas of the United States with descriptions of a few 
doubtfully Cretaceous species. Monograph, Vol. 
XXXIX, U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 1900. (Ark- 
ansas corals: pp. 58, 64, iii, 136, 200.) 

Veatch, a. C. On the human origin of the small mounds 
of the lower Mississippi Valley and Texas. Science, 
Vol. XXIII, pp. 34-36, New York, January 5, 1906. 

Veatch, A. C. Louisiana and southern Arkansas. Un- 
derground waters of eastern United States. Water- 
Supply and Irrigation Paper, U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 
114, pp. 179-187, Washington, 1905. 

Veatch, A. C. The underground waters of northern 
Louisiana and southern Arkansas, with a few intro- 
ductory remarks by G. D. Harris. Bulletin No. i, of 
the Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, 1905. 
(pp. 79-91 •) 

Veatch, A. C. Geology and underground water re- 
sources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas. 



BiBUOGRAPHY 1 57 

Professional Paper, No. 46, U. S. GeoL Surv., Wash- 
ington, 1906. 

V1NCENHE1.LER, W. C. Third Biennial Report from 
(sic) the Bureau of Mines, Manufactures and Agri- 
cidture of the State of Arkansas for the years 1893 
and 1894. Brief statements on limestone, granite, pp. 
1 1 7- 1 18; Branner's report on bauxite, pp. 11 7- 126; 
whetstones, pp. 127-128; oilstones by J. J. Sutton, pp. 
129-132; extracts from reports of Geological Survey 
of Arkansas, pp. 135-156; ochres and clays, pp. 179- 
183. (The part on ochres and clays seems to have 
been written by Mr. M. L. De Malher. correspondent 
of the Arkansas Gacette.) 

ViNCENHKivivER, W. G. Fourth Biennial Report, etc., for 
1895-1896, Little Rock, 1896. Bluestone, p. 117; 
sandstone, p. 117; coal, p. 130; ochres, p. 137; clays, 
pp. 138-140. 

ViNCENHEivEER, W. G. Fifth Biennial Report from the 
Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture, of 
the State of Arkansas, for the years 1897-1898. Little 
Rock, n. d. (1898). Zinc and other minerals, pp. 8-9; 
mineral resources of northern Arkansas, pp. 65-68 ; 
antimony, cement, coal, pp. 69-70; report of State in- 
spector of mines, pp. 71-120; road materials, pp. 131- 
. 141- 

VoDGES, A. W. On a new trilobite from Arkansas Lower 
Coal Measures. Proceedings of the California Acad- 
emy of Science, Ser. 2, Vol. IV, pp. 589-591, San 
Francisco, 1895. 

Wait^ Ch arises E. The antimony deposits of Arkansas. 
Pamphlet, 13 pp. Analysis of bindheimite from Ark- 
kansas, pp. 14-15. Reprint, Rolla, Missouri, 1879, 
from Transactions of the American Institute of Min- 
ing Engineers, 1880, Vol. VIII, pp. 42-52; also Pro- 



158 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

ccedings of the American Chemical Society. (The 
analysis of bindheimite is from the Journal of the 
American Chemical Society, Vol. I, p. — .) 

Ward, Lester F. The geographical distribution of fossil 
plants. Eighth Annual Report U. S. Geol. Surv., part 
II, pp. 896-897, Washington, 1889. 

Warder, J. A. A geological reconnaissance of the Ark- 
ansas River. Pamphlet, 25 pp., illustrated, Cleve- 
land, Ohio, 1854. 

Washburn,* J. W. and Denckla, W. P. Report upon the 
natural resources of the Arkansas Valley from Little 
Rock, Arkansas, to Fort Gibson, Indian Territory, 
made to the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad, 
containing yy pp. and map. New York, 1867. (Notes 
on the coal geology.) 

Washington, H. S. The igneous complex of Magnet 
Cove, Arkansas. Abstract, Science, March 16, 1900, 
Vol. XI, pp. 427-428. Bulletin Geological Society of 
America, Vol. XI, pp. 389-416, plate 24. (Full text), 
Rochester, 1900. Review, American Naturalist, Vol. 
XXXV, May, 1901, pp. 425-426. Review, Tech- 
nology Quarterly, Vol. VII, p. 41. 

Washington, H. S. The foyaite-ijolite series of Magnet 
Cove. A chemical study in differentiation. Journal 
of Geology, October-November, 1901, Vol. IX, pp. 
607-622, Chicago, 1 901. Journal of Geology, Novem- 
ber-December, 1 90 1, Vol. IX, pp. 645-670, Chicago, 
1901. Review, Geological Magazine, Vol. IX, pp. 
177-180, London, April, 1902. 

Weed, W. H. Geological sketch of Hot Springs, Ark- 
ansas. Senate Executive Document, No. 282, 57th 
Congress, ist Session, pp. 79-94, Washington, 1902. 



(*On the title page this name is so spelled; on the cover and at 
end of the report (p. 65) it is spelled Washbourn.) 



BiBUOGRAPHY 159 

WellER^ Stuart. The Batesville sandstone of Arkansas. 
Transactions of The Nezv York Academy of Science, 
March 15, 1897, Vol. XVI, pp. 251-282, plates 19-21. 
Abstract, American Naturalist^ Vol. XXXI. May, 
1897, pp. 468-469. Review and abstract, American 
Geologist, Feb., Vol. XXI, pp. 129-131, Minneapolis. 
1898. 

Weleer, Stuart. Classification of the Mississippian series. 
Journal of Geology, April-May, 1898, Vol. VI, pp. 
303-314. (General bearing on geology of Arkansas 
and Spring Creek limestone.) 

Weeler^ Stuart. Osage vs. Augusta. American Geol- 
ogist, Vol. XXII, July, 1898, pp. 12-16. (On the 
Osage group as used in Arkansas.) 

WeeleRj Stuart. The Silurian fauna interpreted on the 
epicontinental basis. Journal of Geology, October-No- 
vember, 1898, Vol. VI, pp. 692-703. (Map of Silu- 
rian shores in Arkansas.) 

\VE3-LER, Stuart. Correlation of the Kinderhook forma- 
tions of southwestern Missouri. Journal of Geology, 
February-March, 1901, Vol. IX, pp. 130-148. (Deals 
with the Eureka shale of Arkansas.) 

Weeeer^ Stuart. The northern and southern Kinder- 
hook faunas. Journal of Geology, Vol. XIII, pp. 
617-654. (Arkansas, p. 633.) Chicago, 1905. 

WestgatE^ Lewis G. The geographic development of the 
eastern part of the Mississippi drainage system. 
Amei'ican Geologist, 1893, Vol. XI, pp. 245-260. Ab- 
stract, Journal of Geology, Vol. I, pp. 420-421, 1893. 

Whipple, Lieut.. A. W. Reports of explorations and sur- 
veys to ascertain the most practical and economic 
route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the 
Pacific Ocean, 1853-1854, Vol. III. From Napoleon 
to Fort Smith, p. 6. 



i6o Geological Survey of Arkansas 

White, Charles A. On certain Cretaceous fossils from 
Arkansas and Colorado. Proceedings of the United 
States National Museum, Vol. IV, pp. 136-139, plates, 
Washington, 1882. Abstract, Nenes Jahrbnch filr 
Mineralogie, 1884, Vol. I, Referate 128-129. 

White, Charles A. On Mesozoic fossils. Bulletin No. 

4, of the U. S. Geol. Surv., 1884. Description of new 
series of Nautilus, with three plates. 

White, Charles A. Cretaceous correlation papers. Bul- 
letin No. 82^ U . S. Geol. Surv., 273 pp., Washington, 
1891. 

White, David. Flora of the outlying Carboniferous 
basins of southwestern Missouri. Bulletin' No. 98, U. 

5. Geol. Surv., pp. 11-121, Washington, 1893. (Ref- 
erences to Arkansas geology and correlation of the 
coal-bearing shales of Washington County. ) 

White, David. Report on fossil plants from the McAles- 
ter Coal Field, Indian Territory, 19/^ Annual Report 
of the U. S. Geol. Surv., 1897-1898, Pt. Ill, pp. 457- 
534- 

White, David. The probable age of the McAlester coal 
group, (Indian Territory). Briefly reported in 
Science, new series. Vol. VII, April 29, 1898, p. 612. 

White, David. Fossil flora of the lower coal measures 
of Missouri. Monograph, U. S. Geol. Surv., Vol. 
XXXVII, Washington, 1899. (This does not deal 
directly with Arkansas geology, but the horizons dis- 
cussed are those of the sub-conglomerate coal of 
• northern Arkansas.) 

White, David. Report on fossil plants from the coal 
measures of Arkansas. Bulletin No. 326, U. S. Geol. 
Surv., pp. 24-31, Washington, 1907. 

Whitfield, J. Edward. On the Johnson County, Ar- 
kansas, and the Allen County. Kentucky meteorites. 



BiBUOGRAPHY l6l 

American Journal of Science, Vol. CXXXIII, pp. 500- 
501, New Haven, 1887. 

Whitney^ J. D. Examination of three new mineralogical 
species, proposed by Rev. C. U. Shepard. American 
Journal of Science, Vol. LVII, pp. 433-434, New 
Haven. 1849. Describe briefly arkansite, schorlomite 
(with analysis), and ozarkite. 

Whitney, J. D. (Arkansite, ozarkite and schorlomite.) 
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural Science, 
Vol. ni, 1848-1851, p. 96, Boston, 1851. 

Whitney^ J. D. The United States : facts and figures 
illustrating the physical geography of the country and 
its material resources. Supplement I, Boston, 1894. 
Arkansas waters, pp. 81-83. 

Williams, Albert, Jr. Mineral resources of the United 
States. U. S. Geol. Snrv., Statistical Papers for 1882, 
Washington, 1883. Arkansas mineral products. 

Williams, Albert, Jr. Mineral resources of the United 
States. U. S. Geol. Surv., Statistical Papers for 1883- 
1884, Washington, 1885. Arkansas mineral pro- 
ducts. 

Williams, Charles P. Note on the occurrence of anti- 
mony in Arkansas. Transactions of the American 
Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. HI, pp. 1 50-1 51, 
May, 1874. 

Williams,' Henry S. Animal Report of the Geological 
Survey of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. I, Manganese: its 
uses, ores and deposits, by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., Lit- 
tle Rock, 1 89 1. Notes on the paleontology of the 
Bateville region. 

WiLLiAW^S, Henry S. Annual Report of the Geological 
Survey of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. IV, pp. 115, 213 
and 253, 1893. Notes on tlie Paleontology of north- 
ern Arkansas. 



i62 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

Williams, Henry S. Bulletin No. 80. U. S. Geol. Surv., 
Devonian and Carboniferous, Washington, 1891. 

Williams, Henry S. On the age of the manganese beds 
of the Batesville region of Arkansas. American Jour- 
nal of Science, Vol. CXLVHI, October, pp. 325-331, 
New Haven, 1895. 

Williams, Henry S. On the recurrence of Devonian 
fossils in strata of Carboniferous age. American 
Journal of Science, Vol. CXLIX, February pp. 94- 
loi, New Haven, 1895. 

Williams, Henry S. On the southern Devonian forma- 
tions. American Journal of Science, May, Vol CLHI. 
pp. 393-403, New Haven, 1897. 

AViLLiAMS, Henry S. The Devonian interval in northern 
Arkansas. American Journal of Science, August. 
Vol. CLVni, pp. 139-152, New Haven, 1899. 

Williams, Henry S. The Paleozoic faunas of northern 
Arkansas. Annual Report of the Geological Survey 
of Arkansas for 1892, Vol. V, pp. 268-362, Little 
Rock, 1900. Review by C. R. Keys — American Geol- 
ogist, October, 1901, Vol. XXVHI, pp. 254-257. 

Williams, J. Francis. Eudialyte and eucolite from Mag- 
net Cove, Arkansas. American Journal of Science, 
Vol. CXL. p. 457, New Haven, 1890; also separate. 
Abstract, Ncnes Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Vol. H. 
p. 471, Stuttgart, 1893. Abstract, Groth's Zeitschrift 
fiir Krysf alio graphic ii. Mineralogie, Vol. XX, pp. 
486-487, Leipzig, 1892. 

Williams, J. Francis. The igneous rocks of Arkansas. 
Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas 
for 1890, Vol. n, 456 pp., 3 maps, Little Rock, 1891. 
Abstract, Jahrbuch fiir Mineralogie, Vol. H, Ref cr- 
ate 339-347, Suttgart. 1893. Abstract, Groth's Zeit- 



Bibliography 163 

schrift fill' Krystallographie u. Mincralogie, Vol. 
XXII, pp. 422-428, Leipzig. 1894. 

V/iivLiAMS, J. Francis. Manganopektolith, ein neues 
Pektolith-anliches Mineral von Magnet Cove, Ark- 
ansas. Groth's Zeitschrift fiir Krystallographie, Vol. 
XVIII, pp. 386-389, Leipzig, 1891. 

Williams^ J. Francis. Tests of some Arkansas syenites. 
Railroad and Bngiiieeriug Journal, p. 13, X^ew York, 
January. 1891. 

Williams, J. Francis and Kemp, J. F. See under Kemp. 

Williams, J. Francis and Brackett, R. X^. See under 
Brackett. 

Wilson, E. H. Report upon the result of the boring at 

Helena, Arkansas, Arkansas City, etc. Report 

of Progress, Mississippi River Commission, Novem- 
ber 25, 1881. 47th Congress, ist Session, Senate Ex- 
ecutive Dociiiivent No. 10, pp. 136-171, Washington, 
1882. 

Wilson, H. M. See Goode. R. U. 

WiNSLOW, Arthur. Notes on the lead and zinc deposits 
of the Mississippi Valley and the origin of the ores. 
The Journal of Geology, Vol. I, No. 6, pp. 612-619, 
Chicago, 1893. Arkansas briefly mentioned, p. 618. 

WiNSLOW, Arthur. The Osage River and it meanders. 
Science, July 21, 1893, Vol. XXII, pp. 31-32. 

WiNSLOW, Arthur. Discussion of W. P. Jenney's paper 
on the lead and zinc deposits of the Mississippi Val- 
ley. Transactions of the American Institute of Min- 
ing Engineers, Vol. XXII, pp. 634-636, New York, 
1894. 

WiNSLOW, x\rthur. The construction of topographic 
maps by reconnaissance methods. Transactions of the 
Arkansas Society of Engineers, Architects, and Sur- 



164 Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

veyors, Vol. II, pp. 75-83, Little Rock, 1888. Con- 
tains an illustration from the coal region topographic 
sheets of the Geological Survey of Arkansas. 

WiNSLOW^ Arthur. A preliminary report on a portion 
of the coal region of Arkansas. Annual Report of 
the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. 
Ill, 132 pp., map. Little Rock, 1888. 

WiNSLOW, Arthur. The geotectonic and physiographic 
geology of western Arkansas. Bulletin of the Geolog- 
ical Society of America, Vol. II, pp. 225-242, Roches- 
ter, 1 89 1. Abstract, Neues Jahrbuch fi'ir Mincr- 
alogie, 1892, Vol. II, pp. 285-286. 

Wright^ A. J. Some account of the hot springs of Ark- 
ansas. Neiv Orleans Medical Journal, i860, pp. 796- 
808. 



INDEIX 



PAGE. 

Age of the rocks in the late area 45 

American Slate Company's property 81 

Andrews and Harrington property 88 

Angers, slate industry at I 

Angle between bedding planes and cleavage planes 12 

Arizona, slate industry in 4 

Arkansas novaculite 30, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 5i, 55. S6 

Arkansas stone 39 

Arkansas Valley 26 

Altus Slate Company's property 87 

Atoka sandstone • • 48 

Bangor, Pennsylvania, slate industry at. ... • 3 

Bearden Mountain 43, 45 

Bibliography of the geology of Arkansas 97 

Bigfork chert 30, 35, 43, 45, 51, ct; 

Big Fork Creek 51 

Big Mazarn Creek 51 

Black Fork Mountain 28 

Blaylock Mountain , . . 36 

Blaylock sandstone 30, 36, 38, 45, 47 

Blue Mountain 28 

Board Camp Creek 51 

Bolinger property 72 

Bonanza property 75 

Boone formation 46 

Boyer property 85 

Branner, J. C., Bibliography by 97 

Brannon property 89 

Caddo Basin 27, 53 

Caddo Creek 51 

Caddo Gap 27 

Caddo Mountain 27, 33, 27t 40, 41, 43, 56 

Caddo River 27 

California, slate industry in 4 

Chemical analyses of Arkansas slate 65 

Chemical processes in slaty cleavage 17 

Chlorite in slate 18 



1 66 Geological Survey of Arkansas 

PAGE. 

Classes of slate. 20 

Clay slate 10, 20, 22 

Cleavage of minerals in slate 17 

Collier Creek 33 

Collier shale 30, 31, 45 

Composition of shale and slate 19 

Conditions for slaty cleavage 13 

Conglomerate in the Collier shale 32 

Conglomerate in the Stanley shale 41 

Conglomerate in the Stringtown shale 34 

Color in roofing slate 21 

Cossatot Mountains 27 

Cossatot River 51 

Crawford property 73 

Cretaceous oscillations 49 

Criteria for recognizing slate . . . • • 9 

Crowe Coal and Mining Company's property 81 

Crystal Mountains 2."], 31, 33, 49 

Crystal Mountain sandstone 30, 32, 45, 49, 51 

Danville Mountain 28 

Danville property. 83 

Davis property T2, 

Definition and characteristics of slate. 9 

De la Bole quarries i 

Description of the Arkansas slates S3 

Development of slaty cleavage 13 

Direction of laterial pressure 14, 15 

Discoloration of slate 21 

Drainage of the Ouachita Range 51 

Electrical tests of Arkansas slate 59 

Everett property T2. 

Faulting in the Ouachita Range 44 

Folding in the Ouachita Range 41 

Fordyce property 74 

Fork Mountain slate ••30, 37, 40, 41, 45, 49, 53, 58 

Fourche Mountain 28 

Fourche Range. 27, 28 

General considerations relating to slate 9 

Geological history of the slate area • • 45 

Geology of the Arkansas slate area 24 

Georgia, slate industry in. 4 

Gladson, Professor W. N., quoted 57 

Glossary of geological and slate-quarry terms 92 

Graptolites 34, 35, 37, 45, 54 



Index 167 

PAGE. 

Griswold, Professor L. S., quoted 45, 52 

Gulf Slate Company's property 87 

Harrison property 85 

Henan property • • 72 

Historic data relating to the slate industry i 

Hornblende in slate • ■ 18 

Hot Springs Slate Company's property 69 

Hull property 66 

Igneous rocks of the slate area 29 

Injurious minerals in slate 22 

Irons Fork Mountain 28 

Jackfork sandstone 48 

James Dunklee property 68 

Jones property 74, 75 

Kempner property 69 

King Dunklee and Woods property 68 

Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, slate industry in 2 

Little Mazarn Creek 51 

Little Missouri River 51 

Location and extent of the Arkansas slate area 24 

Magazine Mountain 26 

Maine, slate industry in 4, 5 

Maryland Geological Survey, quoted 3 

Maryland, slate industry in 2 

Ma rysvilf e Slate Company's property 67 

Mazarn Basin- 28 

Mechanical processes in slaty cleavage 14 

Merril, George P., quoted 2 

Mesler, R. D., quoted (^T, 68, 69, 70, 76, 77 

Mica in slate 18 

Michigan, slate industry in 4 

Milling slate 21, 23 

Millinfy slate, strength of 23 

Minnesota, slate industry in 4 

Miser, H. D., quoted 31, 45, 74, 76, 82, 84, 91 

Missouri Mountain 33, 40 

Missouri Mountain (red) slate 30, 37, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53, 54, 55 

New Jersey, slate industry in • • . .4, 5 

New York, slate industry in 4, 5 

Northampton County, Pennsylvania, slate industry in 2 

North-south section of the Ouachita Range 50 

Notes on quarries, prospects, and outcrops 66 



i68 GeoIvOGicaIv Survey of Arkansas 

PAGE. 

Origin of slate * lo 

Oscillations and geolographic changes of the slate area 48 

Ouachita anticline 42 

Ouachita Basin 28 

Ouachita Mountains 24, 25, 49 

Ouachita Mountain System 26, 42 

Ouachita Range 26, 27, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 49, 55 

Ouachita River 51 

Ouachita shale 30, 33, 45, 49, 51 

Ouachita stones • • 39 

Ozark region 46 

Ozark Slate Company's property 70 

Peachbottom district 2 

Pennsylvania, slate industry in 2, 5 

Perkins property • • 75 

Petit Jean Mountain 26, 28 

Phyllite • • 10, 20 

Physical tests of Arkansas slate 62 

Piedmont plane 25, 26 

Polk Creek shale 30, 36, 38, 43, 45. 53, 54, 55 

Post-Carboniferous erosion • 49 

Poteau Mountain 28 

Purdue, A. H., quoted 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 78- 91 

Range 13 West • • 66 

Range 15 West 67 

Range 20 West • - 68 

Range 21 West ^ 70 

Range 22 West • • 72 

Range 25 West 75 

Range 26 West • • 76 

Range 27 West 77 

Range 28 West 81 

Range 29 West 84 

Range 30 West 90 

Range 32 West 91 

Red slate • • 66 

Relation of cleavage to bedding il 

Reynolds Mountain , 43, 45 

"Ribbons" in slate • • 22 

Rich Mountain 28 

Rocks of Carboniferous age 30, 40, 45, 48, 49 

Rocks of Ordovician age • 30, 32, 33, 45 

Rocks of possible Cambrian age 30 

Rocks of possible Silurian age 45 

Rocks of the slate area 29 



Index 169 

PAGE. 

Rocks of unknown age 30, 37 

Rolling Fork 51 

Roofing slate .' 21, 22 

Roofing slate, strength of 22 

Round Mountain 47 

Saline River 51 

Secondary minerals in slate l8 

Secondary slaty cleavage 16 

Section of Fork Mountain 55 

Section of Missouri and Statehouse Mountains 43 

Sedimentary rocks of the slate area 29 

Shearing as a factor in slaty cleavage 16 

Slate, conditions for the formation of 24 

Slate industry in Arkansas 6 

The eastern part of the slate area 6 

The Southwestern Slate and Manufacturing Company 6 

The Altus Slate Company 7 

The J. R. Crowe Coal and Mining Company 8 

The Ozark Slate Company 8 

Other prospects 8 

Slate industry in Europe i 

Slate industry in the United States 2 

Slate of the Ouachita shale 54 

Slate of the Polk Creek shale 54 

Slate of the Stanley shale 59 

Slate only in folded regions 13 

Slaty cleavage 11 

South Fork of the Ouachita 51 

South Wales Slate Company's property 89 

Southwestern Slate Company's property "jy 

Spencer Kelley property 86 

Standard Slate Company's property 87 

Stanley Shale 30, 40, 43, 48, 5i, 53, 55 

Statehouse Mountain 41, 43 

St. Clair limestone 46 

Stringtown shale 30, 34, 45 

Structure of the Ouachita Range 41 

Sugarloaf Mountain 26 

Sugartree Mountain 43 

Switchboard slate, requirements of '. 23 

Table analyses of shale and slate 19 

Table of electrical tests 62 

Table of physical tests 62 

Table of sedimentary rocks 30 

Tables of slate production 6 



I/O Geological Survey oe Arkansas 

PAGE 

Taff, J. A., quoted 34, 40, 48 

Tennessee, slate industry in • • 4 

Tertiary oscillations • • 49 

Testing slate by actual use 57 

Tests of Arkansas slate • • 59 

Thickening of beds by lateral pressure 15 

Thickness of the Carboniferous rocks • 48, 50 

Topography of the slate area 25 

Trap Mountains ^ 

Tweedle Mountains 43, 45 

Ulrick, E. O., quoted 34, 46, 48 

Unconformities : 

At the base of the Crystal Mountain sandstone 46 

At the base of the Stringtown shale 46 

At the base of the Missouri Mountain slate 46 

At the base of the Stanley shale 47 

Uses and qualities of slate 21 

Utah, slate industry in • • 4 

Van Hise, quoted r ■ • 17 

Varieties of slate • • 20 

Variation of the bedding-cleavage plane angle 12 

Vermont, slate industry in 4, 5 

Virginia, slate industry in 4, 5 

Wales, slate industry in • • i 

Water-gaps of the Ouachita Range 51 

White Oak Mountain 28 

White property • • 67 

Whisenhunt property 84 

York County, Pennsylvania, slate industry in 2 

Zigzag Mountains 27 

Zigzag topography 44, 5^ 



^ 



